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Beatriz Lobo,Mónica Tramullas,Beate-C Finger,Kevin W Lomasney,Caroll Beltran,Gerard Clarke,Javier Santos,Niall P Hyland,Timothy G Dinan,John F Cryan 대한소화기 기능성질환∙운동학회 2023 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.29 No.1
Background/AimsChronic psychological stress affects gastrointestinal physiology which may underpin alterations in the immune response and epithelial transport, both functions are partly regulated by enteric nervous system. However, its effects on enteric neuroplasticity are still unclear. This study aims to investigate the effects of chronic unpredictable psychological stress on intestinal motility and prominent markers of enteric function. MethodsAdult male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 19 day of unpredictable stress protocol schedule of social defeat and overcrowding. We investigated the effects on plasma corticosterone, food intake, and body weight. In vivo gastrointestinal motility was assessed by fecal pellet output and by whole-gastrointestinal transit (using the carmine red method). Tissue monoamine level, neural and glial markers, neurotrophic factors, monoamine signaling, and Toll-like receptor expression in the proximal and distal colon, and terminal ileum were also assessed. ResultsFollowing chronic unpredictable psychological stress, stressed mice showed increased food intake and body weight gain (P < 0.001), and reduced corticosterone levels (P < 0.05) compared to control mice. Stressed mice had reduced stool output without differences in water content, and showed a delayed gastrointestinal transit compared to control mice (P < 0.05). Stressed mice exhibited decreased mRNA expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (Th), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf), as well as Toll-like receptor 2 (Tlr2) compared to control (P < 0.05), only proximal colon. These molecular changes in proximal colon were associated with higher levels of monoamines in tissue. ConclusionUnpredictable psychological chronic stress induces region-specific impairment in monoamine levels and neuroplasticity markers that may relate to delayed intestinal transit.
Phoebe B. Chen(Phoebe B. Chen),Lynnea Young(Lynnea Young),Ju Hyeon Kim(Ju Hyeon Kim),Weipeng Qi(Weipeng Qi),John M. Clark(John M. Clark),Yeonhwa Park(Yeonhwa Park) 한국축산식품학회 2020 Food and Life Vol.2020 No.1
Knowledge on the potential role of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on reproduction and development is currently limited. Therefore, the goal of the current study was to determine the effects of CLA on reproduction and development using the Drosophila model. In this study, adult and larva Drosophila melanogaster were fed fly food with 0.5% water (blank), CLA (50:50 of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers in triglyceride form) or safflower oil (69% linoleic acid, LA, as control) to examine the effects of CLA on fecundity, sex pheromones, transcription level of oogenesis, larval body composition, and eclosion time. CLA-treated females had lowered brood size without changes in hatchability, along with decreased 7,11-heptacosadiene and 7,11-nonacosadiene, the principle female pheromones, when compared to LA and blank. Moreover, CLA reduced transcription level of lipid storage droplet-2 (lsd-2) compared to LA. CLA did not influence larval composition nor eclosion time. In conclusion, CLA inhibited reproduction capability in D. melanogaster in part via reduced fatty acid-derived signaling pheromone and oogenesis modulations. As key biological processes are conserved between humans and flies, knowledge from this research may provide valuable insight into reproduction and development responses to CLA.
Functional cortical neurons and astrocytes from human pluripotent stem cells in 3D culture
Paş,ca, Anca M,Sloan, Steven A,Clarke, Laura E,Tian, Yuan,Makinson, Christopher D,Huber, Nina,Kim, Chul Hoon,Park, Jin-Young,O'Rourke, Nancy A,Nguyen, Khoa D,Smith, Stephen J,Huguenard, John R,Ge Nature Publishing Group 2015 NATURE METHODS Vol. No.
The human cerebral cortex develops through an elaborate succession of cellular events that, when disrupted, can lead to neuropsychiatric disease. The ability to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent cells that can be differentiated in vitro provides a unique opportunity to study normal and abnormal corticogenesis. Here, we present a simple and reproducible 3D culture approach for generating a laminated cerebral cortex–like structure, named human cortical spheroids (hCSs), from pluripotent stem cells. hCSs contain neurons from both deep and superficial cortical layers and map transcriptionally to in vivo fetal development. These neurons are electrophysiologically mature, display spontaneous activity, are surrounded by nonreactive astrocytes and form functional synapses. Experiments in acute hCS slices demonstrate that cortical neurons participate in network activity and produce complex synaptic events. These 3D cultures should allow a detailed interrogation of human cortical development, function and disease, and may prove a versatile platform for generating other neuronal and glial subtypes in vitro.
Alexander F. Haddad,John F. Burke,Praveen V. Mummaneni,Andrew K. Chan,Michael M. Safaee,John J. Knightly,Rory R. Mayer,Brenton H. Pennicooke,Anthony M. Digiorgio,Philip R. Weinstein,Aaron J. Clark,Dea 대한척추신경외과학회 2021 Neurospine Vol.18 No.2
Objective: The use of telemedicine has dramatically increased due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Many neurosurgeons are now using telemedicine technologies for preoperative evaluations and routine outpatient visits. Our goal was to standardize the telemedicine motor neurologic examination, summarize the evidence surrounding clinical use of telehealth technologies, and discuss financial and legal considerations. Methods: We identified a 12-member panel composed of spine surgeons, fellows, and senior residents at a single institution. We created an initial telehealth strength examination protocol based on published data and developed 10 agree/disagree statements summarizing the protocol. A blinded Delphi method was utilized to build consensus for each statement, defined as >80% agreement and no significant disagreement using a 2-way binomial test (significance threshold of p<0.05). Any statement that did not meet consensus was edited and iteratively resubmitted to the panel until consensus was achieved. In the final round, the panel was unblinded and the protocol was finalized. Results: After the first round, 4/10 statements failed to meet consensus (<80% agreement, and p=0.031, p=0.031, p=0.003, and p=0.031 statistical disagreement, respectively). The disagreement pertained to grading of strength of the upper (3/10 statements) and lower extremities (1/10 statement). The amended statements clarified strength grading, achieved consensus (>80% agreement, p>0.05 disagreement), and were used to create the final telehealth strength examination protocol. Conclusion: The resulting protocol was used in our clinic to standardize the telehealth strength examination. This protocol, as well as our summary of telehealth clinical practice, should aid neurosurgical clinics in integrating telemedicine modalities into their practice.
Ju Hyeon Kim,Joseph A. Moreau,Jake M. Zina,Kyong Sup Yoon,Si Hyeock Lee,John M. Clark 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.10
4,4’-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) has been re-recommended by the World Health Organization for malaria mosquito control in Africa. Previous DDT use has resulted in predisposition of resistance, and with continued use resistance will increase further in terms of level and extent. Drosophila melanogaster is a model dipteran that has many available genetic tools, has been widely used for elucidating insecticide resistance mechanisms, and is related to malaria mosquitoes allowing for extrapolation. The 91-R strain of D. melanogaster is highly resistant to DDT (>1500-fold); however, there is no mechanistic scheme that accounts for this level of resistance. Recently, reduced penetration, increased detoxification, and direct excretion have been identified as resistance mechanisms in the 91-R strain. Their interactions, however, remain unclear. Use of Gal4/UAS-RNAi transgenic lines of D. melanogaster allowed for the targeted knockdown of genes putatively involved in DDT resistance and has identified the role of several cuticular proteins (Cyp4g1 and Lcp1), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (Cyp6g1 and Cyp12d1), and ATP binding cassette transporters (mdr50, mdr65, and mrp1) in increased sensitivity to DDT. These findings have been further validated in 91-R flies using a nanoparticle-enhanced RNAi strategy, directly implication these genes in DDT resistance in 91-R flies.