A Cross-National Evidence on Initial Inequality and Openness

Hwang, Jinyoung SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AND AREA STUDIES SEOUL NAT 2002 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.9 No.1

Using a cross-national evidence, this paper establishes a negative association between initial inequality, either asser or income, and trade openness. It is found that a country with a higher initial inequality (measured by land or income gini indices close to 1960) tends to have more trade protection. In other words, a country with greater asser or income inequality generally has a lower "openness measure" (complied by Sachs and Warner), smaller "shares of trade (sum of export and import) and import to GDP" and a higher "black market premium" (compiled by Levine, Loayza and Beck). The empirical results are robust to a few different econometric methods and to the inclusion of some independent variables. A possible interpretation of the observed relationship is that well-organized "special interests" groups can influence their interests in the formation of trade policy. Further, the existence and number of organized groups in an economy can be determined by the asset and/or income distributions. Therefore, the main implication of this paper is that it is possible to observe an indirect impact of inequality on economic performances, such as investment and economic growth, through openness as long as the openness is endogenous on initial inequality.

Injectable gelatin-poly(ethylene glycol) adhesive hydrogels with highly hemostatic and wound healing capabilities

Jinyoung Hwang,Phuong Le Thi,이시민,Eun-Hye Park,Eunmi Lee,Eunmin Kim,장기육,박기동 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.109 No.-

Although numerous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based bioadhesives have been developed and commercializedfor various biomedical applications, their biocompatibility and bioactivity performances are generallylacking. In addition, the development of adhesive hydrogels with rapid gelation and high tissueadhesion are desirable to promote the surgical procedures and enhance patient compliance. To overcomethese problems, we designed a series of chemically crosslinked gelatin-PEG adhesive hydrogels (GP)through the enzymatic crosslinking reaction of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The resultant GP hydrogelswere rapidly formed in situ within seconds to minutes after injection, and their mechanical as well asadhesive properties were adjustable in a wide range by changing the molecular weight and content ofPEG. Notably, the hybrid hydrogels composed of 20 kDa PEG with ratio of 2.5/7.5 gelatin/PEG (wt/wt)showed 11 times greater tissue adhesiveness than commercially available fibrin glues. From in vitro cellstudies, the hybrid adhesive hydrogels are nontoxic and improve the cell proliferation. Importantly, thehydrogels exhibited excellent hemostatic capability and accelerated the wound healing in vivo, comparedto fibrin glue. These injectable GP hydrogels effectively improved the tissue adhesiveness and bioactivityof PEG-based adhesives, and hold great potential for hemostatic and wound healing treatments.

Financial Mark-Up and Income Inequality

Jinyoung Hwang(황진영),Kun-Oh Jung(정군오) 대한경영학회 2004 大韓經營學會誌 Vol.17 No.1

Nanowire length and diameter dependent electrical and optical properties of transparent conductive silver nanowires films

Hwang, Jinyoung,Kim, Hyun Sik,Roh, Jong Wook Inderscience Enterprises Ltd. 2018 International Journal of Nanotechnology Vol.15 No.6

Skull‐stripping method for brain MRI using a 3D level set with a speedup operator

Hwang, Jinyoung,Han, Yeji,Park, HyunWook Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 2011 JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING Vol.34 No.2

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P><B>Purpose:</B></P><P>To extract the brain region from brain magnetic resonance (MR) images using a fast 3D level set method and a refinement process.</P><P><B>Materials and Methods:</B></P><P>The proposed method introduces a speedup operator to the conventional 3D level set method in order to accelerate the level set evolution. While the processing time for brain extraction is reduced by the speedup operator, the accuracy of brain extraction is also improved by adopting a refinement process.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>The speedup operator yielded a 75% reduction in the total iteration numbers for the synthesized volume. The proposed method was applied to several datasets and compared with previous methods, ie, BrainVisa, BET, and FreeSurfer. The proposed method provided a Jaccard index of 0.971 ± 0.0114 for the BrainWeb dataset, 0.864 ± 0.035 for the IBSR dataset, and 0.9414 ± 0.0517 for a self‐produced dataset acquired with a 3T MRI system.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>Utilizing a speedup operator, the proposed method reduced the evolution time. Robust and accurate results for various datasets were obtained in experiments. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</P>

THE ROLE OF PUBLIC POLICIES AND INFORMATION ON URBANIZATION

JINYOUNG HWANG,KUN-OH JUNG 한국재정학회(구 한국재정·공공경제학회) 2001 공공경제 Vol.6 No.2

INCORPORATING A SOCIAL NETWORK APPROACH TO MIGRATION, THIS PAPER PROVIDES A PLAUSIBLE EXPLANATION ABOUT THE FORMATION OF URBAN GIANTS. THE MODEL WITHOUT HETEROGENEITY AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND COSTLESS MIGRATION ILLUSTRATES THAT URBANIZATION RESULTS FROM A CENTRAL GOVERNMENT'S EXPENDITURES SUCH AS BAILOUTS TO A LOCAL GOVERNMENT. IN ADDITION, AN URBAN GIANT CAN BE FORMED AS LONG AS THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT IMPLEMENTS PUBLIC EXPENDITURES ON BOTH URBAN AND RURAL AREA AT THE SAME TIME, BECAUSE WE CAN OBSERVE A DIFFERENT INFORMATION MECHANISM BETWEEN TWO AREAS.

Enhancement of the spectral selectivity of complex samples by measuring them in a frozen state at low temperatures in order to improve accuracy for quantitative analysis. Part I. Raman spectroscopic compositional analysis of synthetic hydrocarbon mixtures

Hwang, Jinyoung,Chung, Hoeil The Royal Society of Chemistry 2013 The Analyst Vol.138 No.5

<P>A simple strategy for enhancing the Raman spectral selectivity of complex mixture samples by measuring them in a frozen state at low temperatures has been demonstrated and proven to improve the accuracy for compositional analysis. For evaluation, the Raman spectra of synthetic hydrocarbon mixtures that were composed of eleven hydrocarbons (<I>n</I>-hexane, <I>n</I>-heptane, <I>n</I>-octane, <I>n</I>-nonane, isooctane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, benzene, toluene, xylene, and indan) were continuously collected during the elevation of their temperature from cryogenic to near room temperature. The accuracy of determination of <I>n</I>-paraffin concentrations improved significantly when the samples were measured at the temperature range between approximately −175 and −155 °C in comparison to the measurements at room temperature. However, the improvement of accuracy was relatively marginal for the concentration determination of naphthenic and aromatic components. Since <I>n</I>-paraffins are easily compressible and deformable in frozen conditions, the subsequent spectral variations could be diverse depending on their molecular structures. Due to this fact, the spectral discrimination among the paraffin components, as well as in comparison to other components, was enhanced and the improved spectral selectivity eventually led to more accurate determination of concentrations. Overall, the proposed strategy is simple and effective, so it is applicable for analysis of real complex mixture samples.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Raman spectra collected at a frozen state provide improved spectral selectivity for compositional analysis. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c2an36575h'> </P>

A Cross-National Evidence on Initial Inequality and Openness

Jinyoung Hwang 서울대학교 국제학연구소 2002 Journal of International and Area Studies Vol.9 No.1

  Using a cross-national evidence, this paper establishes a negative association between initial inequality, either asset or income, and trade openness. It is found that a country with a higher initial inequality (measured by land or income gini indices close to 1960) tends to have more trade protection. In other words, a country with greater asset or income inequality generally has a lower “openness measure” (compiled by Sachs and Warner), smaller “shares of trade (sum of export and import) and import to GDP” and a higher “black market premium” (compiled by Levine, Loayza and Beck). The empirical results are robust to a few different econometric methods and to the inclusion of some independent variables. A possible interpretation of the observed relationship is that well-organized “special interests” groups can influence their interests in the formation of trade policy. Further, the existence and number of organized groups in an economy can be determined by the asset and/or income distributions. Therefore, the main implication of this paper is that it is possible to observe an indirect impact of inequality on economic performances, such as investment and economic growth. through openness as long as the openness is endogenous on initial inequality.

재정지출이 소득불평등 완화에 기여하였는가?

황진영(Jinyoung Hwang) 한국경제발전학회 2006 經濟發展硏究 Vol.12 No.1

  재정지출은 공공의 욕구를 충족하기 위한 재화나 서비스를 공급한다는 측면에서 구성원간 형평성 증진에 기여한다고 인식되어 왔다. 그러나 최근의 몇몇 연구에서 지대추구, 부패 등의 이유로 인해 재정지출의 혜택이 소수의 부유한 자들에게 편중될 수 있음을 제시하였다. 이에 본 연구에서는 가용한 47개국의 통계자료를 이용하여 1972~80년 평균 재정지출이 1990년경과 1970년경의 소득지니계수 차이로 나타낸 소득불평등의 변화에 미치는 영향을 추정하였다. 실증분석 결과 재정지출의 규모가 큰 국가일수록 평균적으로 소득불평등이 완화된 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 여러 설명변수를 포함하거나, 21개 OECD 국가 및 26개 개발도상국만으로 구성된 작은 수의 표본에서도 여전히 성립하였다.(JEL : D3, H3)   Much government expenditure is commonly perceived as a major instrument to increase the equity, because it is carried with redistributive goals in mind. However, recent political economy literature suggests that rent-seeking or corruption allows a smaller number of rich people to be more effective in appropriating a large share of government spendings, and hence preventing  income inequality reduction. Hence, in this paper, an empirical examination is made of the impact of government expenditure (1970-80 average) on the change of income inequality, measured the difference of income gini index around between 1970 and 1990. Using a cross-section of 47 countries, it is found that government expenditure appears to be associated with a subsequent decrease in the level of income inequality. The finding is robust to the inclusion of some explanatory variables and to a sub-samples of 21 OECD countries and 26 developing countries, respectively.

가계부채의 소비와 소득에 대한 영향

황진영 ( Jinyoung Hwang ),이선호 ( Sun Ho Lee ) 한국재정정책학회 2015 財政政策論集 Vol.17 No.2

Recently, we have been experiencing an economic environment of rising household debt, increasing economic recession, and poor managing real estate market. These may increase the possibility of household debt insolvency. Based on the observation, this paper examines the outlines of household debt in Korea, and estimates the impacts of household debt (measured by household credit) on consumption (measured by private final consumption expenditure) and income (measured by GDP) using quarterly data over the period 2003∼2014. In addition, ARDL bounds test approach is used as an empirical method, since both I(0) and I(1) variables are mixed. ARDL bounds test indicates that both consumption and income are cointegrated with the household debt. In addition, it is found that the household debt has positive and significant impact on consumption in the long-run as well as in the short-run. However, the impact of household debt on income is positive and significant in the long-run, but no significant impacts are estimated in the short-run.