식민지시기 "인천대신궁"의 공간 변용과 재인천 일본인: 유락과 기념의 장소에서 식민지배의 동원장으로

박진한 ( Jin Han Park ) 연세대학교 국학연구원 2013 동방학지 Vol.162 No.-

이 글에서는 개항기 재인천 일본인들이 건립한 인천대신궁을 소재로 한일병합 이후 신사/공원이 점차 식민통치의 공식적인 기구로 편입되는 과정에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대신궁 건립 사업은 국가주의 성향의 에나미를 비롯한 지역 유지와 새로운 의례를 창출해지역사회의 주도권을 장악하고자 했던지역 경제인들이 주도했다. 이들은 단순히 종교적인 신심이나 자국 풍의 (종교적) 문화 환경을 제공하기 위해서라기보다 메이지 정부가 추진한 국가신도화 작업과 공명하는 가운데 경제적 이해관계를 공고히 하고자 대신궁 건립사업을 추진했던 것으로 보인다. 둘째, 인천대신궁의 경내는 공원의 지목을 단 공원지로 등록되었다. 이는 일본 전관 조계의 면적이 협소해 공공시설 용지가 충분하지 못한 상황에서 "정원과 휴식의 장소"를 확보하는 동시에 조선정부가 부과하는 토지세를 면제받기 위해서였다. 이처럼 공원 부지 안에 일본식 전통 신사 건물이 병존하는 일본공원에는 요정 같은 위락시설이 들어서 "썰렁하고 적적한" 대신궁 경내와 "시끄럽게 북적대는" 요리점이 묘한 대조를 이루는 이른바 성속이 혼재한 유흥지로 기능했다. 하지만 청일, 러일전쟁 이후 제국주의 침략과 승전을 기념하는 행사가 개최되면서 대신궁은 재인천 일본인의 국민적 일체감과 민족적 우월감을 과시하는 식민통치의 이데올로기 장치로 활용되었다. 셋째, 한일병합 이후 인천부는 다이쇼천황의 즉위식을 기념하기위한 대전행사의 일환으로 신사 건물 개축을 계획하고 이에 소요되는 비용을 일반에 전가시키고자 신자조직인 우지코(氏子) 결성을 지시했다. 그리고 대신궁은 부제 및 신사사원 규칙 같은 각종제도와 법률을 통해 ``인천신사``로 이름을 바꾸고 식민통치의 공식적인 기구로 편입되었다. 더욱이 인천신사는 만주사변 이후 총력전체제 하에서 황민화 정책을 교육하는 한편 인천시내 소학교와 중학교 학생들의 노동을 동원하는 현장으로 이용되었다. In this paper, we examined how the Grand Shinto Shrine of Incheon built by the Japanese settler turn into colonial official institution during colonial era. To summarize its content is as follows: First, the Grand Shinto Shrines of Incheon was planned by the local leader to take control on Japanese community and the local businessman to strengthen economic hegemony. They seem to be taken the lead in construction on the Grand Shinto Shrines to make their economic interests more solidified rather than to provide religious facility similar to hometown. Second, the grounds of the Grand Shinto Shrine were registered as park zone. It was to ensure "gardens and resting places" in situations that the land for public facilities such as parks, etc was insufficient because the area of Japan Chamberlain Concession was narrow and to be exempt from land tax the Choseon government imposed. However, entertainment facilities like high-class restaurants and restaurants came out so the grounds of the Incheon Grand Shrine could be resort destinations to contrast "chilly and lonely parks" with "loudly adult entertainment districts" fumingly. but Grand Shrine became to be the ideological device of colonial rule to show national unity and ethnic superiority, as there was been used as a event site to celebrate a victory of Russo-Japanese war. Third, Incheonbu(an administrative agency of Incheon district during colonial period) planed to reconstruct a Grand Shinto Shrine to commemorate a coronation of Emperor Taish? and organized local residents worshiping the Grand Shrine to shift a economic burden. Also Grand Shrine changed the name to Incheon Shrine through Shrine-Temple rules(1915) and was to be an official instrument on colonial rule.

공급자 개발에서 공급자의 학습역량은 기술혁신에 어떠한 역할을 하는가?

박진한,김진한,Park, Jinhan,Kim, Jin-Han 기술경영경제학회 2015 Journal of Technology Innovation Vol.23 No.3

본 연구는 구매자-공급자 간 협력에 기반을 둔 기술혁신 성과창출에서 공급자 조직 학습역량의 역할에 초점을 두고 있다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 국내 제조업에 종사하고 있는 중소기업 221개사를 이용하여 매개효과분석을 수행하였다. 실증검증 결과, 공급자의 기술혁신 성과에 대한 구매자의 직접지원(기술인력 지원, 기계도구 및 검사장비 지원, 설비사용 교육)은 통계적으로 유의하지 않았지만, 구매자의 간접지원(지식, 노하우, 가치, 정보 공유)은 긍정적이며 유의한 효과를 갖는 것으로 나타났다. 매개효과분석을 위한 추가 검증 결과, 공급자의 학습역량과 구매자의 간접지원 사이에 부분 매개효과가 존재한 반면에 구매자의 직접지원과 공급자의 학습역량 간에는 완전 매개효과가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 이 연구결과는 구매자의 간접지원이 공급자의 기술혁신 성과를 향상시키는데 더욱 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 제시한다. This study focuses on the role of supplier's organizational learning capacity in creating the outcomes of technological innovation based on buyer-supplier collaboration. In doing so, the study is carried out through mediating effect analysis using 221 small and medium enterprises among Korean manufacturers. As a result of empirical tests, buyer's indirect supports(knowledge, know-how, value, information sharing) have significant and positive effects on the outcomes of technological innovation, whereas direct supports(technical staff support, machine tools and test equipments support, education for facility utilization) show no statistical significance. In addition, a further test for mediation effects reveals that a full mediation exists between supplier learning capacity and buyer's direct support, while there is a partial medication effect for buyer's indirect support. The findings suggest that buyer's indirect support can take on more important role to enhance the outcomes of supplier's technological innovation.

게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠지능을 측정하기 위한 컴퓨터 기반 스포츠 인지검사 프로그램 개발

박진한,우민정,Park, Jin-Han,Woo, Min-Jung 한국융합학회 2021 한국융합학회논문지 Vol.12 No.7

우수한 선수들은 게임을 읽는 머리, 스포츠형 두뇌를 가진다. 그러나 스포츠 두뇌를 종합적으로 측정하는 인지 검사도구는 개발된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 스포츠 인지기능을 측정하기 위한 컴퓨터 기반 프로그램을 개발하는 것이다. 스포츠 인지기능 문헌고찰을 바탕으로 정보처리속도, 실행기능(인지유연성, 억제능력), 공간능력을 스포츠 인지기능으로 선정하였다. 정보처리속도 측정을 위해 단순 및 선택반응시간 검사, 실행기능 측정을 위해 기호잇기검사, 자극수반과제, 공간능력 측정을 위해 심적회전과제가 선택되었고, 이들을 컴퓨터 기반 측정 프로그램으로 개발하였다. 검사를 실행하면, 각 검사에 대한 설명과 함께 연습시행이 주어진 뒤, 본 과제가 시작되며, 과제 종료와 동시에 주요 변인들이 통계처리되어 txt 파일형태로 자동저장된다. 스포츠 인지검사도구는 추후 타당도와 신뢰도 평가를 거쳐, 스포츠 영재발굴과 선수선발에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. High-performing athletes possess the ability to read the game, known as the "sports brain". However, a cognitive battery to measure such sports brain has not been developed yet. The purpose of the study, thus, is to develop a computerized cognitive test battery to measure athletes' cognitive function. Based on a systematic review, information processing speed, execution function, and spatial ability were selected as sports-related cognitive functions. Simple and choice response times test, trail-making test, Flanker test, and mental rotation task were developed. After providing manual and practice trials, main tests were executed and all primary variables were statistically processed and automatically saved. The test battery is expected to aid in the discovery and recruitment of athletes in the future after verifying the validity and reliability of this battery.

근세성곽의 근대적 변용과 성터 공원의 장소기억 : 일본 시코쿠(四国)의 사례를 중심으로

박진한(Park, Jin-Han) 일본사학회 2021 일본역사연구 Vol.54 No.-

Due to the spatial characteristic as a combat facility to get prepared for emergency, the modern castles of Japan were decided to be preserved and utilized in the close relation with the foundation process of Meiji army. The Meiji new government that paid attention to the value of castle ruins as a military post decided the utilization and disuse by researching the castles in the whole nation in the process of reorganizing the army military system. According to the ’Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles’ of 1873, the places that were decided as military post(Marugame, Tokushima, Uwajima, Takamatsu) of Garrison were under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Army while other castles were transferred to the Ministry of Treasury and then disposed(Matsuyama, Ozu) to the private sector. However, the Kochi Castle in old Tosa Han that was omitted from the ‘Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles’ was actually treated as an abolished castle, and then, it was successfully changed into a castle ruins park in April 1873 based on the ‘Proclamation of Park Establishment’ issued in the same period. This change of Kochi Castle into a castle ruins park had influences on its neighboring prefectures. Ehime Prefecture that was newly established by integrating old Matsuyama Prefecture and Uwajima Prefecture in February 1873 rediscovered the value of Matsuyama Castle that was originally decided to be abolished, and then designated it as a castle ruins park just like Kochi Castle in February of next year. Except for Marugame Castle that was continuously used as a military post, the rest three castles under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Army were sold to old lords through the castle disposal measures in 1890. Just as examined earlier, such old lord families played an important role in the process of changing modern castles to castle ruins parks in downtown through the transfer of castle ruins ownership and provision of donation. Those old lord families that lost the status of feudal lord after the Meiji Restoration, became newly-rising men of wealth by investing the government bond received through the suspension of payment into major state-run enterprises including the 15th National Bank. The Ministry of Army chose those old lords as preferential buyers of castles because of the assets they had. However, the proposal to buy a castle to the old lord family that moved to Tokyo after the abolition of the han system, must be recognized as an opportunity to recover ties between old domain and tenants. Under the interests of both parties, the ownership of modern castles was transferred to the Ministry of Army after the Ordinance for Keeping and Disposal of Castles, and then it was transferred again to old lord families. However, based on their special status such as economic men of wealth, representatives of Imperial Diet, and noblemen, it must be improper for them to sell or develop the castle ruins only for immediate gains. Even though there were differences according to conditions of individual city and ordinary citizens’ needs, eventually, the old castles purchased by old lords were all changed into castle ruins parks after being sold or transferred to the city government. By establishing a monument, statue, or shrine worshiping the progenitor or family of old lord who was the old owner of castle, they became a place of memories to recollect the past and history of old domain before the Meiji Restoration. As a result, the modern castles that were changed from a residential space for old lord to parks “enjoyed by everyone” after the Meiji Restoration, played important roles as a symbol that gave the (local) identity to the physical spatial unit of ‘prefecture’ newly established by abolition of the han system, and also formed a sense of belonging in residents.

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Metric Spaces

박진한(Jin Han Park),권영철(Young Chul Kwun),박종서(Jong Seo Park) 한국지능시스템학회 2004 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.14 No.1

Using the idea of intuitionistic fuzzy set due to Atanassov, we define the notion of intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces as a natural generalization of fuzzy metric spaces due to George and Veeramani and prove some known results of metric spaces including Baire's theorem and the Uniform limit theorem for intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces.

On Generalized Intuitionistic Soft Equality

Jin Han Park(박진한),Young Chel Kwun(권영철) 한국지능시스템학회 2014 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.24 No.5

Park et al. (2011) introduced the concept of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft sets, which can be seen as an effective mathematical tool to deal with uncertainties. In this paper, the concept of generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft equality is introduced and some related properties are derived. It is proved that generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft equality is congruence relation with respect to some operations and the generalized intuitionistic fuzzy soft quotient algebra is established.

Distances between Interval-valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets

Jin Han Park(박진한),Ki Moon Lim(임기문),Bu Young Lee(이부영),Mi Jung Son(손미정) 한국지능시스템학회 2007 한국지능시스템학회 학술발표 논문집 Vol.17 No.1

We give a geometrical interpretation of the interval-valued fuzzy set. So, based on the geometrical background, we propose new distance measures between interval-valued fuzzy sets and compare these measures with distance measures proposed by Burillo and Bustince and Grzegorzewski, respectively. Furthermore, we extend three methods for measuring distances between interval-valued fuzzy sets to interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets.

다목적 실용위성 2호 고전력 소산 전장품의 열부하 완화에 관한 연구

박진한(Jin-Han Park),장영근(Young-Keun Chang) 한국항공우주학회 2002 韓國航空宇宙學會誌 Vol.30 No.3

1920·30년대 일본의 도시계획론과 도시계획사업

박진한(Park, Jin-han) 인천대학교 인천학연구원 2011 인천학연구 Vol.14 No.-

1920년대 세키의 도시계획론은 시정당국자 개인의 역량과 의지뿐만 아니라 러일전쟁 이후 급격한 공업화와 도시화에 따른 주거환경의 악화를 개선하려는 도시사회의 바람을 담은 것이었다. 하지만 정작 그가 추진한 도시계획사업 가운데 도시중하층을 위한 주택개량사업은 재정부족, 지주층의 반발 등을 이유로 거의 실현되지 못했다. 뿐만 아니라 도시주민생활의 환경개선에 중점을 두었던 제2차 도시계획사업 역시 산업발전을 위한 도로와 운하는 계획대로 건설된 반면, 주민생활을 위한 하수도, 공원사업은 별다른 진척을 보이지 못했다. 결과적으로 1920-30년대 “살기 좋은 도시”를 이상으로 삼았던 오사카의 도시계획사업은 도시주민생활의 개선보다는 산업개발위주로 추진되었다. 더욱이 1931년 만주사변의 발발 이후 전시체제로 돌입함에 따라 도시정책은 군사정책의 일환으로 간주, 적기공습에 따른 방공의 관점에서 도시계획은 지방계획, 나아가 국토계획의 하위사업으로 재편되고 만다. 이처 럼 산업, 군사정책을 우선시하면서 정작 도시주민의 생활환경개선을 뒷전에 둔 오사카의 도시계획사업은 일본사회의 근대도시계획에 대한 실재와 한계를 반영한 것에 불과하였다. During the 1920s, Osaka's mayor Seki Hazime launched city planning programs that targeted to renovate the deteriorated housing conditions of the city. Housing was worsened as a result of the fast industrialization and urbanization and this was accelerated by the Russo-Japanese War. However, his reform plans for the urban poor were not realized because of the lack of revenue and the rejection of the land owners. Moreover, contrary to the successful construction of roads and canals for industrial uses under the second urban planning project, building sewers and parks for the residents did not see much achievements. Therefore, Osaka's urban planning of the 1920s-30s which originally intended to build "A Better City", was carried forward around the industrial development. Later after the break of Manchurian War in 1931, urban planning even became a sub-category of the national reorganization plan which focused on the wartime military necessity. The fact that Osaka failed to provide better living condition to its residents, and concentrated instead on the industrial and military uses of the urban planning, reflects the reality and limit of modern urban planning of Japan.

근대도시 오사카의 상징물과 기억공간의 형성

박진한(Park, Jin-han) 인천대학교 인천학연구원 2009 인천학연구 Vol.11 No.-

This paper discusses the formation of osaka's city identity through the Tenshukaku reconstruction project of Osaka Castle. Osaka rapidly grew after the second expand project, and Mayor Seki championed public welfare programs in this Dai-Osaka by opening public park in part of Osaka Castle, as well as building Tenshukaku. The goal of the reconstruction of Tenshukaku included: restoration of memory of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the founder of Osaka, and solidification of city identity by enhancing Osakan's devotion to hometown. Despite the resolute purpose of city government, people of Osaka responded to the project in diverse ways. Some used the Tenshukaku plan as a propaganda method to find a way out of depression. Others saw this as an opportunity for political or ideological struggle. Therefore, in spite of the city government's effort to make Tenshukaku as a representation of "allegiance to country and love to city(忠君愛市)", it could not oppress citizen's various demands. However, the meaning of Tenshukaku evolved still again after the break of Manchu Incident in 1931. Since the Showa Tenno's visit that year, Osaka Tenshukaku was no longer a place of remembrance and veneration for Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Rather, it became a memorial for Tenno coronation and served as a storage of bonds between imperial family and Osaka.