Studies on Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China

Fan,P.C.,Wang,Y.C.,Liu,J.C.,Lo,H.S.,Hsu,Y.P.,Yen,C.H.,Lin,C.C.,Hsu,S.T. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1974 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.5 No.1

1972年 7月 1日부터 1973年 6月 30日까지 1年間 中華民國 臺?省 金門鳥에서 絲狀 症에 關한 調査硏究를 實施한 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 金門鳥 55村落에 居住하는 20,018 住民을 對象으로 調査한 바 血中 microfilariae (mf.) 兩性率은 8.8%였고 血液 20立方mm當 mf농도는 16.2였으며 絲狀 感染으로 因 臨床例 는 19.2%였다. 金門鳥 駐屯 軍人 2,428名에서 mf.양성율은 0.1%, mf. 감염농도는 20立方mm當 26.3이었으며 臨床例는 없었다. mf.感染濃度 및 臨床例에 있어 확실히 女性보다는 男性에서 高率을 보였으나 mf.陽性率은 兩性間에 差異가 없었다. mf.陽性率과 臨床例는 年齡의 增加와 一致하였으나 mf. 감렴농도는 年齡의 증가와 無關하였다. 2. 金文鳥 駐屯 軍人에 있어 주둔 其間과 絲狀 感染과는 關係가 없었으며 駐屯基地와 村落과의 距離와도 無關하였다. 軍人들은 모기에 물리지 않도록 잘 保護되어 있었고 주둔지역은 完全히 住民들과 격리되어 있었다. 3. 51村落으로부터의 血液檢査를 받은 1,470名의 絲狀 感染陽性者 中에서 臨床病勢르 보인 例는 19.2%였으며 女性보다는 男性에서 約 5倍가 많았다. 男性에 있어서의 大部分의 臨床例는 生殖器에 症狀을 보였는데 其中 10%는 象皮症을 가진 例는 2名뿐이었다. 4. 43村落의 家屋內에서 잡힌 모기는 4屬 14種(Culex 10種, Aedes 2種, Anopheles 1種, Armigeres 1種)이었으며 이들中 Cules P. fatigans와 Armigeres subalbatus가 大部分이었으나 其他 12種은 매우 적었다. Culcx mimesticus, C. (L) vorax, C. fuscocephala 및 Acdes nocturnus등 의 4新種은 처음으로 發見되었다. Culex p.fatigans는 現存「반크롭트」 絲狀 만을 옮기는 媒介昆 으로 알려져 있다. 治療前 8個 村落으로부터 잡은 438마리의 Culex p. fatigans에서 幼 을 內包하고 있는 모기는 1마리 平均 5.9마리의 絲狀 幼 을 갖고 있는 셈이었으며 全體 感染率은 11.9%, 感染期 幼 을 가진 모기는 10.5%이었다. 上記 8個 村落 住民을 治癒한 後의 樣狀은 治療前과 아주 달라서 모기 1마리當 平均 2.1마리의 幼 을 갖고 있었고 全體感染率은 2.2%, 感染期幼 內包率은 0.09%였다. 平均 pH가 7.4(6.4∼8.0)인 8個處의 모기 産卵場所에서 잡힌 모기 幼 은 모두 11種이었다. 有機燐劑의 一種인 Sumithion을 1平方m當 0.2gm의 농도로 모기 産卵場所 水面에 撒布하였던바 모든 모기 幼 에 對한 殺 果가 좋았다. 5. 總 1.590名의 絲狀 感染者에게 成人當 總量 5gm의 diethylcarbamazine을 10∼12日 間 服用시켜 보았다. 治療率은 80.6%, mf. 減少率은 96.9%였고 反應率는 67.2%였다. 여러 가지 副作用은 있었으나 一般的으로 輕微하였으며 患者가 참을 수 있었으므로 最高用量으로 投藥했을 경우에도 大部分 거절 하지 않았다. 8個 部落에서 捕獲된 Culex P. fatigans의 絲狀 幼 全體感染率, 感染期幼 內包率 및 感染濃度는 患者治療前에 各各 11.9%, 10.5%, 5.9였는데 治療後에는 2.2%, 0.09%, 2.1로 떨어져서 diethylcarbamazine은 microfilariae에 對한 殺충효果가 높을 뿐 아니라 絲狀충 만延을 組止시키는데 좋은 藥劑라고 思料된다 The present investigation is a serial study on “Filariasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands”, which was performed from July 1, 1972 to June 30, 1973. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Parasitological investigation: Of 20,018 Kinmen Chinese in 55 villages examined, the microfilariae (mf.) rate of 8.8%, mf. density of 16.2 per 20cmm blood and clinical rate 19.2% were found: the corresponding figures for a total of 2,428 military personnel were 0.1%, 29.3 and 0.0% respectively. The mf. density and clinical rate were obviously higher in the males than in the females, but no difference was found for the microfilarial rate. The mf. rate and clinical rate were correspondingly increased with age, but there was no difference in mf. density. 2. Transmission of filariasis: It seems no any relation to the length of stationing of the Chinese troops on Kinmen Islands, and also no relation to the distance between the villages and camps; because the servicemen are well protected from the mosquito bites and bites and the camps are completely isolated, to and off limit to the villagers, though they have common places of entertainment. 3. Clinical investigation: Of 1,470 filarial carriers in 51 villages examined physically, the clinical rate of 19.2% was detected. It was about 5 times higher in males than in females. In the males, most of the cases the trouble in their reproductive organs, and 10% had elephantiasis; but in the females, the lymph nodes enlargement and chyluria were more common, only 2 cases had elephantiasis. The clinical rates increased corresponding with age. 4. Entomological investigation: Fourteen(14) species of 4 genera (10 Culex, 2 Aedes, 1 Anopheles and 1 Armigeres) of household mosquitoes were collected from indoor resting sites of 43 villages on kinmen Islands, in which, Cules P. fatigans and Armigeres subalbatus were the most common species, but the remaining 12 species are faily rare. Four (4) new species: Culex mimeticus, C. (L) vorax, C, fucocephala and Aedes noturnvs were found for the first time. Culex p.fatigans is still the only vector. in transmission of bancroftian filariasis. The infection rate of 11.9%, infective rate of 10.5% and 5.9 filarial larvae per infected mosquito were detected in 438 Culex p. fatigans from 8 villages before treatment. The corresponding figures were much lower in the above same villages after treatment (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). Eleven (11) species of moswquito larvae were collected from 8 kinds of breeding sites; where, the pH value of 7.4(ranged 6.4∼8.0) was measured. “Sumithion”is one of the organophosphorous compounds, which was first used on the water surface with the dosage of 0.2gm per square meter.A high insecticidal effect against different species of mosquito larvae was observed. 5. Chemotherapy of filariasis: Of 1.590 filarial carriers scheme, with a total does of 5 gm of diethylcarbamazine per adult case for a period of 10∼12 days schedule was performed. The cure rate of 80.6%, mf. reduction tate of 96.9% and reaction rate of 67.2% were found. Although many kinds of side effects were encountered, they were usually mild or transient and could be tolerated by the patients, thus there was almost no refused to the administration of the drug even if the drug was increased to the maximum dosage. The natural infection rate, infective rate and filarial larval density of Culex P. fatigans in 8 villages were found much higher before control measure (11.9%, 10.5% and 5.9%) than after control (2.2%, 0.09% and 2.1). It showed that diethylcarbamazine is a powerful microfilaricidal drug in eliminating the filarial infection and reducing this transmission.

Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo risk assessments of b-lactam antibiotic and b-lactamase inhibitor loaded chitosan nanoparticles

Arianna J. Partow,Miju Kim,Peixin Fan,Ting Liu,Zhaohui Tong,Kwangcheol C. Jeong 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.113 No.-

The safety of using nano-emulsion drug delivery systems is a growing concern. Here, we conducted riskassessments of an innovative combination therapy for multidrug resistant pathogens by encapsulatingcephalosporin antibiotics and b-lactamase inhibitors with chitosan nanoparticles (CNAIs) using in vitrohuman cell lines and an in vivo animal model, Caenorhabditis elegans. The four combinations of CNAIsincluding two cephalosporin antibiotics (cefotaxime and ceftiofur) with two b-lactamase inhibitors (tazobactamand clavulanate) were engineered as water–oil-water emulsions. CNAIs maintained stableantimicrobial activity in various thermal challenges. CNAIs exerted strong antimicrobial activity butdid not cause toxicity in human cell lines measured by cell membrane integrity, mitochondria activity,and reactive oxygen species generation. Reported damage was observed at 8 lg/mL and 16 lg/mL foronly two of the four combinations of CNAIs. More importantly, CNAIs at 4 lg/mL did not cause adverseeffects on the lifespan of C. elegans. In summary, CNAIs do not cause toxicity at working concentrationin vitro and in vivo risk assessments, suggesting that nano-emulsion drug delivery systems can be anew framework for developing treatments for multidrug pathogen infections.

Optical properties of amorphous $Si_xC_yN_z$ ternary thin films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Zhang, Z.H.,Fan, X.J.,Guo, H.X.,Zhang, W.,Zhang, C.Y.,Luo, F.Y. The Korean Vacuum Society 1998 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.7 No.1

Amorphous ternary $Si_xC_yN-z$ thin films were obtained by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition(PECVD) using $N_2, SiH_4 \;and \;C_2H_4$ as the reaction sources. The chemical state were characterized by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). The optical properties of the thin films were investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometer and ellipsometer, and the optical band gaps of thin films were determined from corresponding transmittance spectra following Tauc equation.

Fabrication of p-Type Nitrogen-Doped MgZnO by Depressing N-Related Donors

B. Yao,Z. P. Wei,Y. F. Li,D. Z. Shen,Y. M. Lu,Z. Z. Zhang,B. H. Li,C. J. Zheng,X. H. Wang,J. Y. Zhang,D. X. Zhao,X. W. Fan,Z. K. Tang 한국물리학회 2008 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.53 No.5

Wurtzite nitrogen-doped MgZnO (MgZnO:N) films were grown on c-plane sapphire by using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy with radical NO as the oxygen source and nitrogen dopant. P-type conduction of MgZnO:N was obtained by decreasing the donor defects ((N2)O, VO, etc.) through annealing, revealing a hole concentration of 6.1 × 1017 cm−3 and a mobility of 6.42 cm2/Vs. Furthermore, as-grown p-type films with a hole concentration of 1 × 1017 cm−3 and a mobility of 3 cm2/Vs were obtained by decreasing the (N2)O double donor defect through control of the plasma conditions. ZnMgO:N/ZnO p-n junctions were obtained by using these p-type films. ode-like, rectifying I-V characteristics with a threshold voltage of about 5 V and a different reverse leakage current were observed at room temperature.

High Ejaculation Frequency Enhances Semen Production in Taiwan Country Chickens

Fan, Y.K.,Ju, J.C.,Lee, S.L.,Chen, C.F.,Peh, H.C.,Hsu, J.C.,Lee, Y.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.7

The objective of this study were to investigate the effect of ejaculation frequency on semen characteristics and to establish a method for quick assessment of sperm concentration in TCC using packed cell volume (PCV) as the parameter (Trial 1). Eighty senior roosters, averaging 61 wk-old, were used and the sperm concentrations were determined using a hemacytometer. The PCV value was measured in a capillary (0.75 mm in inner diameter) by centrifugation. A simple linear regression analysis suggested that the sperm concentrations were significantly correlated with PCV values (r=0.62, p<0.001). Trial 2 was conducted to determine the optimal ejaculation frequency of TCC roosters in a weekly semen collection program. The male birds were subjected to 1, 2, 3 or 6 ejaculations per week for four consecutive weeks and semen characteristics including ejaculation volume (EV, mL), sperm motility (%), PCV (%), sperm concentration (ESC, $\times$10$^{9}$/mL), weekly sperm production (WSP, $\times$10$^{9}$/wk) and average motile sperm numbers (AMSN, $\times$10$^{9}$/ejac) were determined. Average EV was greater in the group with 3 ejac/wk than with only 1 ejac/wk in weeks 1 and 3 of the collection period. WSP increased with ejaculation frequency during the first 3 weeks of collection (p<0.05). Sperm motility was better in the birds with 6 ejac/wk than in single ejaculation group for the first 2 wk and no significant differences were found for the last 2 wk of study. In contrast, the PCV value showed a trend of reduction for the first 2 wks in the 6 ejac/wk group. Surprisingly, no significant differences were detected in the AMSN among treatment groups. The weekly motile sperm production (WMSP) increased with ejaculation frequency. Based on our observation, PCV values could be used for a quick estimation of sperm concentration and an intensive semen collection program enhanced weekly sperm production in TCC roosters.

The Effects of Endurance Training on the Hemogram of the Horse

Fan, Y.K.,Hsu, J.C.,Peh, H.C.,Tsang, C.L.,Cheng, S.P.,Chiu, S.C.,Ju, J.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2002 Animal Bioscience Vol.15 No.9

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes and readjustment capacity in the hematological characteristics of the horse during and after a prolonged training program. One pony and two hot-blooded horses were used in this study. Resting or basal blood parameters were assessed by collecting blood samples of the animals for 1 to 2 months prior to start of the training program. Each animal was subjected to arbitrary exercise for 30 min by an automatic hot trotter and was bled at 0, 15, 30, 45 (15 min of recovery), 60 (30 min of recovery), and 75 min (45 min of recovery) after onset of exercise. All animals were exercised 3 times a week over a fivemonth period. Hematological parameters including average white blood cell counts (WBC, ${\times}$$10^3$/$\mu$l), erythrocyte concentrations (RBC, ${\times}$$10^6$/$\mu$l), hematocrit (HCT, %), mean corpuscular volume (MCV, fl), number of platelets (PLT, ${\times}$$10^4$/$\mu$l), hemoglobin concentration (Hb, g/dl), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH, pg), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC, g/dl) were analyzed using an automatic cell counter. All animals showed that RBC, WBC, and HCT were significantly (p<0.05) increasing from 7.09, 8.55, and 43.5 to 8.11, 9.67, and 49.5, respectively, during the 30 min of exercise and were back to or lower than the initial basis (resting and 0 min) 30 min after exercise. However, no significant differences were detected in MCV (50.3-51.3 fl), MCH (17.2-17.4 pg), and MCHC (33.7-34.4 g/dl) values (p>0.05) regardless of the training periods. Similar trends were observed after 1, 3, 4, and 5 months of training when compared to the resting state. When these parameters were analyzed by the effect of training periods (month), mean WBC concentrations significantly reduced in the fourth and fifth month after onset of training compared to that in resting condition or the first month of training program (p<0.05). The RBC values elevated at the second month (9.40) and reaching a significantly low level (p<0.001) at the fifth month (8.62) after training compared to the first month of training (7.89). In conclusion, a mild training program enhances blood parameters gradually in both the horse and the pony. Therefore, an optimized training program is beneficial in promoting the endurance performance of the horse.

Filarasis in Kinmen (Quemoy) Islands, Republic of China : IV. Susceptiblility of Culex p. fatigans, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus and Cules tritaniorhynchus in experimental Infection with Wuchereria bancrofti in the Autumn and Winter Seasons on Kinmen(Quemoy) Islands

Fan,P.C.,Hsu,Y.P.,Liu,J.C.,Wang,W.C. INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL MEDICINE YONSEI UNIVERSITY 1977 YONSEI REPORTS ON TROPICAL MEDICINE Vol.8 No.1

1973年 秋季 및 冬季에 中華民國 臺灣省 金門島에 있어 반크�唇�韋綾昰�實驗的 感染에 對한 Culex p. fatigans, Armigeres subalbatus, Aedes albopictus 및 Culex tritaeniorhynchus 等 4種 모기의 感受性에 關한 硏究를 實施하였던 바 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 秋季 實驗에 있어 41例의 A. subalbatus中 13例와 35例의 A. albopictus中 21例에서 脫?microfilaria (mf)가 檢出되었으나 時日 經過에도 不拘하고 전혀 發育成長함을 볼 수 없었다. 그리고 56例의 Culex p. fatigans 中 20例와 58例의 對照群中 24例에 있어 脫? mf 및 I, II, III期 絲狀蟲幼蟲(filarial larva)이 檢出되어 感染率 37.5% 및 41.4%로 各各 나타났다. 모기 種別 感染濃度는 3種 大部分의 모기에 있어 "very light"의 狀態를 보였으나 Culex p. fatigans 5例가 "heavy"를 나타내었다. 2. 冬季 實驗에 있어서의 67例의 生存 및 23例의 死亡 Culex tritaeniorhynchus에서 絲狀蟲幼蟲이 檢出되었으며, 이들 中 11例에서 脫? mf가, 그리고 35例에서 絲狀蟲幼蟲이 發見되어 感染率 38.9%를 나타내었다. 46例에서 總 414마리의 絲狀蟲幼蟲이 檢出된 바 實驗群 모기 한 마리當 平均 9.0이었으나 成熱幼蟲은 전혀 檢出되지 않았다. 3. 冬季에 있어 94例의 Culex p. fatigans 中 14例에서 脫? mf가, 그리고 75例에서 未成熱 및 成熱幼蟲이 檢出되어 感染率 80%를 나타내었다. 89例의 實驗群에서 2,561마리의 脫? mf와 幼蟲이 檢出되어 모기 한 마리當 29.0이었으며 成熱(III期)幼蟲은 各 部位에 廣範圍하게 分布되었음을 觀察할 수 있었다. 以上의 結果로 보아 Armigeres subalbatus와 Aedes albopictus는 本 絲狀蟲 傳播에 아무런 關聯이 없으며 Culex tritaeniorhynchus는 크게 重要한 것은 아니라고 思料되었고 Culex p. fatigans 만이 好適傳播者로 再確認되었다.

Polymorphism of Ghrelin Gene in Twelve Chinese Indigenous Chicken Breeds and Its Relationship with Chicken Growth Traits

C. C. Li,K. Li,J. Li,D. L. Mo,R. F. Xu,G. H. Chen,Y. Z. Qiangba,S. L. Ji,X. H. Tang,B. Fan,M. J. Zhu,T. A. Xiong,X. Guan,B. Liu 아세아·태평양축산학회 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.2

A 2,656 bp fragment of chicken ghrelin gene was cloned and SNPs were detected by PCR-RFLP and Allele Specific PCR (ASP) in 12 Chinese indigenous chicken breeds and a commercial chicken population. The results showed that there were 23 base variations and an amino acid change (Gln->Arg) in cloned chicken ghrelin gene. Three SNPs were confirmed in 13 populations and associations between this gene and growth traits of Tibetan chicken (TC) and Recessive White chicken (RW) were investigated. The results of haplotype analysis revealed that 26 haplotype genotypes were composed of eight haplotypes. The results of x2 tests indicated that there were significant differences between genotypes or haplotype genotype frequencies in some of the breeds or sexes at 0.05 or 0.01 levels. The results of ANOVA revealed that there were significant differences between genotypes or haplotype genotypes on some growth traits of TC and RW chicken breeds at 0.05 or 0.01 levels. Multiple comparisons showed that there were significant associations between genotype CT at site 71 and some growth traits of two chicken breeds and between genotype AG at site 1,215 and body weight at 16 wk of two chicken breeds, and there was a significant association between haplotype genotype CAA/CAG and body weight and shank girth at 16 wk of two chicken breeds.

INVESTIGATION OF EQUINE HEMATOLOGICAL CONSTITUENTS IN CENTRAL TAIWAN. I. DISTRIBUTION OF THE BLOOD CELL PARAMETERS AND THE BIOCHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF SERUM

Ju, J.C.,Cheng, S.P.,Fan, Y.K.,Hsu, J.C.,Chiang, S.K.,Chen, E.V.,Chang, S.H.,Chiou, S.C. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1993 Animal Bioscience Vol.6 No.1

A total of 109 heads of horses and ponies from eight horseback riding clubs nearby Central Taiwan were investigated to evaluate the blood parameters and the biochemical compositions of serum for the documentation of clinical pathological diagnosis and exercise physiology. Blood samples were collected from the jugular vein of resting horses. The sex difference in the blood traits were compared both in horses and in ponies. Results shows that total plasma proteins (PP) and hematocrit (PCV) were found higher in male horses than in females (p < 0.05). The sexual effect also exertes a significant influence on the leucocyte (WBC) count, but not on the erythrocyte (RBC) concentration. According to the differential counts of leucocytes, the number of monocytes and lymphocytes was higher in the male pony than that of in male horse. A close relationship Between the erythrocyte sedimention rate (ESR) and the other blood parameters were found especially in PCV, RBC concentration, and plasma protein level. The average ESR observed at 60 minutes were $21.80{\pm}21.87mm$, $39.50{\pm}18.90mm$ and $43.73{\pm}17.89mm$ in stallions, geldings, and mares, respectively. Most of the biochemical components of horse serum detected were distributed in normal ranges, although some of the items show a great variation in such a large sample size.

Porous Al2O3 catalyst carrier by 3D additive manufacturing for syngas reforming

N.C. Fan,Y.Y. Chen,K.Y. Chen,W.C.J. Wei,B. H. Liu,A.B. Wang,R. C. Luo 한양대학교 세라믹연구소 2017 Journal of Ceramic Processing Research Vol.18 No.9

A disk-shaped ceramic catalyst made by 3D printing (3DP) is used to reform syngas. We select two Al2O3 powders (α- andhigh-surface-area θ-Al2O3) and polymeric binders for preparing the 3DP feedstock. Catalyst stacked Al2O3 disks are made bykneading the polymers with ceramic powders and extruding to produce filaments, which are melted and used for 3D additivemanufacturing (AM). The processing parameters (sequence of addition, viscosity of the feedstock, etc.), the phasetransformation of the θ-powder, and catalytic properties of the made carrier are examined. The made alumina disks weredensified to a relative density (RD) of 40% −65%. Two porous disks were coated with catalyst NiO and CeO2, and used toreform syngas made from waste paper. The best case reforms the CH4 content in the syngas from 25.7% down to 0.15% orlower. The reformed gaseous fuel is suitable for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs).