On Plural Anaphora

( Kiyoshi Ishikawa ) 한국언어정보학회 1998 국제 워크샵 Vol.1998 No.-

In order to formulate truth-conditionally satisfactory semantics in a compost-tional manner, model-theoretic semanticists sometimes posit morphology-semantics mismatches. Among them are Kamp and Reyle (1993), who occasionally ignore English plural morphology in constructing their analysis of anaphora. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that natural language morphology is a better guide for a compositional semantics than Kamp and Ryle assume. By refining the semantics of plurality put forth in Ishikawa (1995a), we construct an analysis of plural anaphora in a way that respects English plural morphology. Our results suggest that natural language morphology is not as redundant as usually assumed.

Lexicogrammar of the L2 English Essays Written by Asian College Students: A Corpus-Based Study

Shin’ichiro Ishikawa 아시아테플 2024 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.21 No.1

本研究においては、中間言語対照分析(Granger, 1996, 2015)および多次元分析法(Biber, 1988) という2つの手法を組み合わせ、International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE; Ishikawa, 2023)から採取されたアジア圏大学生(中国・インドネシア・日本・大韓 民国・台湾・タイ)および英語母語話者の作文を比較した。次元スコア・主要語彙文法特性 ・クラスタリング・統計的分類に基づく分析により、学習者の作文は母語話者のものより情 報性・語り性・明示的表出性・抽象性・時間制約性が低く、学習者の作文の語彙文法特性は 習熟度よりも国・地域に影響されていること、学習者作文は口語的・個人的、対人的・説得 的、静的・描写的動的・反芻的の4 タイプに分類されることなどが示された。これらの結果 は、アジア圏学習者のL2英語使用の理解に新しい光を投げかけるものである。

韓国学習者の日本語動詞獲得モデル: 学習者総体モデルとの比較 ― 「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」の絵描写作文を用いた検証 ―

石川慎一郎 ( Shin’ichiro¸ Ishikawa ) 한국일어교육학회 2021 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.56

本論文では「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」(I-JAS)に含まれる韓国学習者(KLJ)による絵描写作文を習熟度レベルごとに分析し、KLJの動詞獲得過程のモデル化を試みた。分析結果は、同コーパスに含まれる海外日本語学習者の総体(WLJ)データを分析した石川(2021)と比較された。RQ1(動詞使用量)については、習熟度別に見た場合、KLJとWLJともに逆U字型のパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ2(マーカー動詞)に関して、母語話者との比較の結果、KLJが使用できない動詞には(a)複合動詞,(b)慣用動詞、(c)否定的ニュアンスを含む動詞など、KLJのみが使用する動詞には(d)意思·意図に関する誤用、(e)文脈の不適合、(f)複合動詞要素の誤用、(g)不要な内容の言語化などが含まれ、いずれもWLJと同じパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ3(習熟度分類)については、KLJの動詞獲得がⅠ(存在動詞·移動動詞など)→Ⅱ(動詞の拡張)→Ⅲ(複合動詞成分·アスペクト成分·サ変動詞など)→Ⅳ(高度な複合動詞成分·変化動詞など)の4段階に区分され、ほぼWLJに重なることが示された。RQ4(習熟度推定)については、7種の動詞(入る·為る·見る·仕舞う·知る·来る·入れる)の使用頻度によって習熟度を63%の精度で予測できるが、予測モデルに含まれる動詞はWLJの場合とは異なることが示された。動詞獲得におけるKLJの固有特性は限定的で、KLJの特徴の大部分は日本語学習者全般の特徴であると言える。この点をふまえれば、日本語学習者コーパス研究においては、L1差よりもL2習熟度差を優先した分析が必要だと考えられる。 Using the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS), this study analyzed the picture description essays written by Korean learners of Japanese (KLJ) at different L2 proficiency levels to explore the process of their acquisition of L2 Japanese verbs. The results were compared to the verb acquisition process of the whole learners of Japanese (WLJ) reported in Ishikawa (2021). The corpus-based analyses showed that (1) an inverted U pattern existed in terms of the number of tokens/ types of the verbs used in the essays for both KLJ and WLJ, (2) when compared to the verb usage of Japanese native-speakers (JNS), some verbs were used only by JNS and others only by KLJ, and these “marker” verbs were almost the same for KLJ and WLJ, (3) KLJ’s verb acquisition process could be subdivided into four stages: 1 (existential verbs/ verbs of moving), 2 (a greater variety of verbs), 3 (composite verbs and aspectual verbs), and 4 (complex composite verbs and verbs of change), which were almost identical to the patterns for WLJ, and (4) KLJ’s L2 proficiency could be explained by the frequency of seven types of verbs (hairu, suru, miru, shimau, shiru, kuru, ireru) with 63% accuracy, though these verbs were different from a set of verbs adopted in the regression model for WLJ. These findings corroborated that KLJ’s verb acquisition pattern did not differ much from the pattern for WLJ, which may suggest the need for the Japanese learner corpus studies focusing on learners’ L2 proficiency rather than on their L1 types.

Effect of shear wall location in rigid frame on earthquake response of roof structure

Ishikawa, Koichiro,Kawasaki, Yoshizo,Tagawa, Kengo Techno-Press 2001 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.11 No.6

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the shear wall location in rigid frames on the dynamic behavior of a roof structure due to vertical and horizontal earthquake motions. The study deals with a gabled long span beam supported by two story rigid frames with shear walls. The earthquake response analysis is carried out to study the responses of the roof: vibration mode, natural period, bending moment and horizontal shear force of the bearings. The study results in the following conclusions: First, a large horizontal stiffness difference between the side frames is caused by the shear wall location, which results in a large vertical vibration of the roof and a large shear force at the side bearings. Second, in this case, the seismic design method for ordinary buildings is not useful in determining the distribution of the static equivalent loads for the seismic design of this kind of long span structures.

Symbiotic Microorganisms in Aphids (Homoptera, Insecta): A Secret of One Thriving Insect Group

Ishikawa, Hajime The Korean Society for Integrative Biology 2001 Korean journal of biological sciences Vol.5 No.3

Most, if not all, aphids harbor intracellular bacterial symbionts, called Buchnera, in their bacteriocytes, huge cells differentiated for this purpose. The association between Buchnera and aphids is so intimate, mutualistic and obligate that neither of them can any longer reproduce independently. Buchnera are vertically transmitted through generations of the host insects. Evidence suggests that Buchnera were acquired by a common ancestor of aphids 160-280 million years ago, and have been diversified, since then, in parallel with their aphid hosts. Molecular phylogenetic analyses indicate that Buchnera belong to the g subdivision of the Proteobacteria. Although Buchnera are close relatives of Escherichia coli, they contain move than 100 genomic copies per cell, and their genome size is only one seventh that of E. coli. The complete genome sequence of Buchnera revealed that their gene repertoire is quite different from those of parasitic bacteria such as Mycoplasma, Rickettsia and Chlamydia, though their genome sizes have been reduced to a similar extent. Whereas these parasitic bacteria have lost most genes for the biosynthesis of amino acids, Buchnera retain many of them. In particular, Buchnera's gene repertoire is characteristic in the richness of the genes for the biosynthesis of essential amino acids that the eukaryotic hosts are not able to synthesize, reflecting a nutritional role played by these symbionts. Buchnera, when housed in the bacteriocyte, selectively synthesize a large amount of symbionin, which is a homolog of GroEL, the major stress protein of E. coli. Symbionin not only functions as molecular chaperone, like GroEL, but also has evolutionarily acquired the phosphotransferase activity through amino acid substitutions. Aphids usually profit from Buchnera's fuction as a nutritional supplier and, when faced with an emergency, consume the biomass of Buchnera cells as nutrient reserves.

Individual Doses to the Public after the Fukushima Nuclear Accident

Ishikawa, Tetsuo The Korean Association for Radiation Protection 2020 방사선방어학회지 Vol.45 No.2

Background: International organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) reported public exposure doses due to radionuclides released in the Fukushima nuclear accident a few years after the event. However, the reported doses were generally overestimated due to conservative assumptions such as a longer stay in deliberate areas designated for evacuation than the actual stay. After these reports had been published, more realistic dose values were reported by Japanese scientists. Materials and Methods: The present paper reviews those reports, including the most recently published articles; and summarizes estimated effective doses (external and internal) and issues related to their estimation. Results and Discussion: External dose estimation can be categorized as taking two approaches-estimation from ambient dose rate and peoples' behavior patterns-and measurements using personal dosimeters. The former approach was useful for estimating external doses in an early stage after the accident. The first 4-month doses were less than 2 mSv for most (94%) study subjects. Later on, individual doses came to be monitored by personal dosimeter measurements. On the basis of these measurements, the estimated median annual external dose was reported to be < 1 mSv in 2011 for 22 municipalities of Fukushima Prefecture. Internal dose estimation also can be categorized as taking two approaches: estimation from whole-body counting and estimation from monitoring of environmental samples such as radioactivity concentrations in food and drinking water. According to results by the former approach, committed effective dose due to ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs could be less than 0.1 mSv for most residents including those from evacuated areas. Conclusion: Realistic doses estimated by Japanese scientists indicated that the doses reported by WHO and UNSCEAR were generally overestimated. Average values for the first-year effective doses for residents in two affected areas (Namie Town and Iitate Village) were not likely to reach 10 mSv, the lower end of the doses estimated by WHO.

Presynaptic N-type and P/Q-type Ca²⁺channels mediating synaptic transmission at the calyx of Held of mice : Presynaptic N- and P/Q-type Ca²⁺currents

Ishikawa, Taro,Kaneko, Masahiro,Shin, Hee-Sup,Takahashi, Tomoyuki Wiley (The Physiological Society) 2005 The Journal of physiology Vol.568 No.1

<P>At the nerve terminal, both N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels mediate synaptic transmission, with their relative contribution varying between synapses and with postnatal age. To clarify functional significance of different presynaptic Ca2+ channel subtypes, we recorded N-type and P/Q-type Ca2+ currents directly from calyces of Held nerve terminals in alpha1A-subunit-deficient mice and wild-type (WT) mice, respectively. The most prominent feature of P/Q-type Ca2+ currents was activity-dependent facilitation, which was absent for N-type Ca2+ currents. EPSCs mediated by P/Q-type Ca2+ currents showed less depression during high-frequency stimulation compared with those mediated by N-type Ca2+ currents. In addition, the maximal inhibition by the GABAB receptor agonist baclofen was greater for EPSCs mediated by N-type channels than for those mediated by P/Q-type channels. These results suggest that the developmental switch of presynaptic Ca2+ channels from N- to P/Q-type may serve to increase synaptic efficacy at high frequencies of activity, securing high-fidelity synaptic transmission.</P>

Neuroglobin dynamics observed with ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy

Ishikawa, H.,Finkelstein, I. J.,Kim, S.,Kwak, K.,Chung, J. K.,Wakasugi, K.,Massari, A. M.,Fayer, M. D. National Academy of Sciences 2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.104 No.41

Independence: A principle to be achieved 'over time'

ISHIKAWA Sakae(이시카와 사케),Soo-Young JUNG(정수영) 한국언론학회 2005 한국언론학회 심포지움 및 세미나 Vol.2005 No.-

공영방송의 기본 원칙에 대해서는 다방면으로 논의되어 왔으나 이 원칙을 실제 일상적인 운영기준에 적용하려는 노력은 제대로 이루어지지 않았다. 공영방송의 요건을 충족하려면 정보의 질을 높여야 한다. 정보의 질이라는 개념으로 자주 인용되는 것으로는 객관성, 사실성, 불편부당성 등이 있다. 객관성을 논하기 위해 다양한 요소가 검토의 대상이 되었으나 결국은 흔동으로 귀 결되는 경우가 많은데, 이는 객관성에 대하여 분명한 운영상의 정의를 내리지 못했기 때문이다. 진실에 대한 정의도 천차만별이므로 진실이라는 개념 역시 검토의 대상이 되고 있다. 중립성과균형 역시 정의를 내리기 어려운 개념들이다. 일상적 운영에 있어서는 이 들이 두 가지 반대 사이에 자리 잡는 것으로 간주 되 경우가 많다. 이 개념들은 이슈가대 두될 때마다 논의의 대상이 되었으나 이 논의를 통해 일반적으로 공감대를 형성하는 사고의 틀을 만들어내지는 못했다. 우리는 오랫동안 이 부분에서 발목을 잡혀 정보활동의 질에 대한 이해를 발전시킬 수 없었다. 이 지점에서 더 전진하려면 논의에 새로운 개념을 도입할 필요가 있다. 우리는 정보활동에 있어 가치판단을 배제할 수 없다는 것을 인정해야 한다. 이 과정에 포함된 온갖 종류의 결정은 가치판단과 관련이 있다. 그렇다면 어떻게 해야 업계 종사자를 위 한 규범을 수립할 수 있을까? 여기서는 정보의 질에 있어 가장 중요한 개념으로서 독립성을 검토한다. 이 개념에 여기서 강조해야할 것은 이 독립성의 궁극적 목표는 시민들에 대한봉사라는 점이 다. 여기서 시민들은 서로 역동적인 상호작용을 하고 있고 이러한 의미에서 공공부문, 시민사회 등의 개념과 밀접한 관련이었다고 간주된다. 이 독립성을 실현하기 위해 방송은 정치권력, 시장의 압력, 자사의 이해 등 다양한 이해관계로부터 자유로워야 한다. 독립성을 구성하는 요소로는 객관성, 중립성, 균형 등이 있다. 시민에게 봉사하기 위한 독립성의 실제 규범은 헌법을 준수하는 것이다. 헌법이 갖추어진 국가에서는 시민 개개인의 권리가 헌법 조항에 명시되어 있다. 헌법은 민주주의 의 바람직하지 않은 기능을 방지하기 위한 제한적 성격의 규범이다. 민주주의 제도에서 도다수 정당이 독재를 행하고 시민들은 억압을 받는 상황이 분명 발생한다. 독립적 인공 영 방송은 이러한 상황을 견제하는 하나의 방법이며, 그 활동의 정당성은 시민들의 권리를 보호하는 헌법에 기초하고 있다. 독립성에 “시간의 경과”라는 요소를 포함할 경우 정보의 질에 대한 정의를 내리는 데 있어 더 효율적인 개념이 된다. 한 가지 특정 사안과 관련하여 공영방송의 독립성을 조사할 필요는 없다. 때로는 특정 사안에 대한 뉴스보도를 연구의 대상으로 삼을 수도 있겠으나 특정 사안에 대한보도 분석을 한다고 해서 그 독립성이 직접적으로 나타나는 것은 아니다. 특정 집단의 이익을 옹호하는 경향이 분명히 드러날 때 독립성에는 의문이 제기되고, 그러한 경향이 분명하지 않고 향상시민 개개인의 권리에 관한보도라면 독립성이 있다고 간주한다. 여기서 중요한 것은 오늘날 중립적이고 균형 잡힌 보도라고 해도 시민들의 관점에서는 이득이 되지 않는 경우가 많다는 점이다. 공영방송이 시간의 경과에 따라 독립성을 발휘한다고 가정할 때, 그 다음으로 특정 사안에 대한 특정 견해를 제시하면서 그에 대한 합리적 근거를 대야 한다. 이들은 의사 결정 과정을 공개하고 그러한 결정을 내린 근거를 제공해야한다. 책임을 지는 공영방송이라야 헌법상의 권리 아래서 전문가적 역량을 표출하고 시간의 경과에 따라 독립성을 행사함으로써 미래에 살아남을 수 있을 것이다. <그림참조>

Disulfide bond influence on protein structural dynamics probed with 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy.

Ishikawa, Haruto,Kim, Seongheun,Kwak, Kyungwon,Wakasugi, Keisuke,Fayer, Michael D National Academy of Sciences 2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.104 No.49

<P>Intramolecular disulfide bonds are understood to play a role in regulating protein stability and activity. Because disulfide bonds covalently link different components of a protein, they influence protein structure. However, the effects of disulfide bonds on fast (subpicosecond to approximately 100 ps) protein equilibrium structural fluctuations have not been characterized experimentally. Here, ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy is used to examine the constraints an intramolecular disulfide bond places on the structural fluctuations of the protein neuroglobin (Ngb). Ngb is a globin family protein found in vertebrate brains that binds oxygen reversibly. Like myoglobin (Mb), Ngb has the classical globin fold and key residues around the heme are conserved. Furthermore, the heme-ligated CO vibrational spectra of Mb (Mb-CO) and Ngb (Ngb-CO) are virtually identical. However, in contrast to Mb, human Ngb has an intramolecular disulfide bond that affects its oxygen affinity and protein stability. By using 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy, we investigated the equilibrium protein dynamics of Ngb-CO by observing the CO spectral diffusion (time dependence of the 2D-IR line shapes) with and without the disulfide bond. Despite the similarity of the linear FTIR spectra of Ngb-CO with and without the disulfide bond, 2D-IR measurements reveal that the equilibrium sampling of different protein configurations is accelerated by disruption of the disulfide bond. The observations indicate that the intramolecular disulfide bond in Ngb acts as an inhibitor of fast protein dynamics even though eliminating it does not produce significant conformational change in the protein's structure.</P>