On Plural Anaphora

( Kiyoshi Ishikawa ) 한국언어정보학회 1998 국제 워크샵 Vol.1998 No.-

In order to formulate truth-conditionally satisfactory semantics in a compost-tional manner, model-theoretic semanticists sometimes posit morphology-semantics mismatches. Among them are Kamp and Reyle (1993), who occasionally ignore English plural morphology in constructing their analysis of anaphora. Our goal in this paper is to demonstrate that natural language morphology is a better guide for a compositional semantics than Kamp and Ryle assume. By refining the semantics of plurality put forth in Ishikawa (1995a), we construct an analysis of plural anaphora in a way that respects English plural morphology. Our results suggest that natural language morphology is not as redundant as usually assumed.

Lexicogrammar of the L2 English Essays Written by Asian College Students: A Corpus-Based Study

Shin’ichiro Ishikawa 아시아테플 2024 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.21 No.1

本研究においては、中間言語対照分析(Granger, 1996, 2015)および多次元分析法(Biber, 1988) という2つの手法を組み合わせ、International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE; Ishikawa, 2023)から採取されたアジア圏大学生(中国・インドネシア・日本・大韓 民国・台湾・タイ)および英語母語話者の作文を比較した。次元スコア・主要語彙文法特性 ・クラスタリング・統計的分類に基づく分析により、学習者の作文は母語話者のものより情 報性・語り性・明示的表出性・抽象性・時間制約性が低く、学習者の作文の語彙文法特性は 習熟度よりも国・地域に影響されていること、学習者作文は口語的・個人的、対人的・説得 的、静的・描写的動的・反芻的の4 タイプに分類されることなどが示された。これらの結果 は、アジア圏学習者のL2英語使用の理解に新しい光を投げかけるものである。

韓国学習者の日本語動詞獲得モデル: 学習者総体モデルとの比較 ― 「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」の絵描写作文を用いた検証 ―

石川慎一郎 ( Shin’ichiro¸ Ishikawa ) 한국일어교육학회 2021 일본어교육연구 Vol.- No.56

本論文では「多言語母語の日本語学習者横断コーパス」(I-JAS)に含まれる韓国学習者(KLJ)による絵描写作文を習熟度レベルごとに分析し、KLJの動詞獲得過程のモデル化を試みた。分析結果は、同コーパスに含まれる海外日本語学習者の総体(WLJ)データを分析した石川(2021)と比較された。RQ1(動詞使用量)については、習熟度別に見た場合、KLJとWLJともに逆U字型のパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ2(マーカー動詞)に関して、母語話者との比較の結果、KLJが使用できない動詞には(a)複合動詞,(b)慣用動詞、(c)否定的ニュアンスを含む動詞など、KLJのみが使用する動詞には(d)意思·意図に関する誤用、(e)文脈の不適合、(f)複合動詞要素の誤用、(g)不要な内容の言語化などが含まれ、いずれもWLJと同じパタンを示すことが確認された。RQ3(習熟度分類)については、KLJの動詞獲得がⅠ(存在動詞·移動動詞など)→Ⅱ(動詞の拡張)→Ⅲ(複合動詞成分·アスペクト成分·サ変動詞など)→Ⅳ(高度な複合動詞成分·変化動詞など)の4段階に区分され、ほぼWLJに重なることが示された。RQ4(習熟度推定)については、7種の動詞(入る·為る·見る·仕舞う·知る·来る·入れる)の使用頻度によって習熟度を63%の精度で予測できるが、予測モデルに含まれる動詞はWLJの場合とは異なることが示された。動詞獲得におけるKLJの固有特性は限定的で、KLJの特徴の大部分は日本語学習者全般の特徴であると言える。この点をふまえれば、日本語学習者コーパス研究においては、L1差よりもL2習熟度差を優先した分析が必要だと考えられる。 Using the International Corpus of Japanese as a Second Language (I-JAS), this study analyzed the picture description essays written by Korean learners of Japanese (KLJ) at different L2 proficiency levels to explore the process of their acquisition of L2 Japanese verbs. The results were compared to the verb acquisition process of the whole learners of Japanese (WLJ) reported in Ishikawa (2021). The corpus-based analyses showed that (1) an inverted U pattern existed in terms of the number of tokens/ types of the verbs used in the essays for both KLJ and WLJ, (2) when compared to the verb usage of Japanese native-speakers (JNS), some verbs were used only by JNS and others only by KLJ, and these “marker” verbs were almost the same for KLJ and WLJ, (3) KLJ’s verb acquisition process could be subdivided into four stages: 1 (existential verbs/ verbs of moving), 2 (a greater variety of verbs), 3 (composite verbs and aspectual verbs), and 4 (complex composite verbs and verbs of change), which were almost identical to the patterns for WLJ, and (4) KLJ’s L2 proficiency could be explained by the frequency of seven types of verbs (hairu, suru, miru, shimau, shiru, kuru, ireru) with 63% accuracy, though these verbs were different from a set of verbs adopted in the regression model for WLJ. These findings corroborated that KLJ’s verb acquisition pattern did not differ much from the pattern for WLJ, which may suggest the need for the Japanese learner corpus studies focusing on learners’ L2 proficiency rather than on their L1 types.

Agreement Target Situations

( Ishikawa Kiyoshi ) 한국언어정보학회 1995 국제 워크샵 Vol.1995 No.-

We analyze number agreement in English in the version of Situa-tion Semantics I put forth in [1]. We propose two theoretical notions, agreement target situations and relevance of situations. We propose that structural constraints shift the former in a way governed by the latter. Our analysis shows that number agreement reflects our knowl-edge about the structure of the world and the speaker``s interests in the discourse.

국외논문 정보 - 여름철 옥외 작업시 구강급수액 섭취가 피로에 미치는 영향: 무작위 교차 연구

Ishikawa, Tomohisa,Tamura, Hideru,Ishiguro, Haruya,Yamaguchi, Keiko,Minami, Kazufumi 대한산업보건협회 2010 산업보건 Vol.269 No.-

Growth and Photosynthetic Responses of One C₃ and Two C₄ Chenopodiaceae Plants to Three CO₂ Concentration Conditions

Ishikawa, Shin-Ichi The Ecological Society of Korea 2008 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.31 No.4

Growth and photosynthetic responses of one $C_3$ and two $C_4$ plants in the family Chenopodiaceae in three $CO_2$ concentration $([CO_2])$ conditions-low (about $243{\mu}mol\;mol^{-1}$, LC), present (about 378, PC), and high (about 465, HC)-were investigated in open top chambers. The relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate in the $C_3$ plant, Chenopodium album, increased with increasing $[CO_2]$, though the RGR was not enhanced significantly in the HC condition. The leaf area ratio and leaf weight ratio of the $C_3$ plant drastically decreased with increasing $[CO_2]$, suggesting that the $C_3$ plant invests more biomass to leaves in lower $[CO_2]$ conditions. The two $C_4$ plants, Atriplex glauca and A. lentiformis, showed relatively small changes in those growth parameters. These photosynthetic-pathway-dependent responses suggest that growth patterns of $C_3$ and $C_4$ plants have been altered by past increases in atmospheric $[CO_2]$ but that there will be relatively little further alteration in the future high-$CO_2$ world.

Effects of Granular Size on the Tissue Response to Carbonate Apatite Granules in Rabbit

Ishikawa K,Miyamoto Y,Fujisawa K,Nagai H,Tsuru K,Maruta M,Matsuya S 대한치과재료학회 2011 대한치과기재학회 학술대회 Vol.2011 No.5

Numerical and Experimental Simulation on Bubble Plume Behaviour in Stratified Flow

Ishikawa, Atsuhiro,Sato, Toru,Nakashiki, Norikazu The Korean Association of Ocean Science and Techno 2005 Journal of Ocean Science and Technology Vol.2 No.1

We developed a 3D Eulerian-Lagrangian two-phase CFD code, which can cope with distributions of bubble radius. The simulation results were compared moderately well with those of bubbling experiments conducted in a channel for circulating stratified water. It was elucidated how the difference of the simulation conditions effects the behaviour of bubbles, dye distribution, and the intrusion of dissolved $CO_2$ into the stratification. From the results, suggested is the possibility of the code to apply to the behaviour of $CO_2$ droplets released in the deep ocean for sequestering the greenhouse gas.

Disulfide bond influence on protein structural dynamics probed with 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy.

Ishikawa, Haruto,Kim, Seongheun,Kwak, Kyungwon,Wakasugi, Keisuke,Fayer, Michael D National Academy of Sciences 2007 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.104 No.49

<P>Intramolecular disulfide bonds are understood to play a role in regulating protein stability and activity. Because disulfide bonds covalently link different components of a protein, they influence protein structure. However, the effects of disulfide bonds on fast (subpicosecond to approximately 100 ps) protein equilibrium structural fluctuations have not been characterized experimentally. Here, ultrafast 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy is used to examine the constraints an intramolecular disulfide bond places on the structural fluctuations of the protein neuroglobin (Ngb). Ngb is a globin family protein found in vertebrate brains that binds oxygen reversibly. Like myoglobin (Mb), Ngb has the classical globin fold and key residues around the heme are conserved. Furthermore, the heme-ligated CO vibrational spectra of Mb (Mb-CO) and Ngb (Ngb-CO) are virtually identical. However, in contrast to Mb, human Ngb has an intramolecular disulfide bond that affects its oxygen affinity and protein stability. By using 2D-IR vibrational echo spectroscopy, we investigated the equilibrium protein dynamics of Ngb-CO by observing the CO spectral diffusion (time dependence of the 2D-IR line shapes) with and without the disulfide bond. Despite the similarity of the linear FTIR spectra of Ngb-CO with and without the disulfide bond, 2D-IR measurements reveal that the equilibrium sampling of different protein configurations is accelerated by disruption of the disulfide bond. The observations indicate that the intramolecular disulfide bond in Ngb acts as an inhibitor of fast protein dynamics even though eliminating it does not produce significant conformational change in the protein's structure.</P>

ON THE RELATION OF ABOVE-THE-LOOP AND FOOTPOINT HARD X-RAY SOURCES IN SOLAR FLARES

Ishikawa, S.,Krucker, Sä,m,Takahashi, T.,Lin, R. P. IOP Publishing 2011 The Astrophysical journal Vol.737 No.2

<P>We report on the most prominent example of an above-the-loop hard X-ray source in the extensive solar flare database of RHESSI. The limb flare of 2003 October 22 around 20 UT resembles the famous Masuda flare, except that only one of the footpoint sources is visible with the other one occulted. However, even for this very prominent event, the above-the-loop source is only visible during one of the four hard X-ray peaks, highlighting the rare occurrence of above-the-loop sources that are equally bright as footpoint sources. The relative timing between the above-the-loop and footpoint sources shows that the coronal source peaks about 10 s before the footpoint source and decays during the time the footpoint source is most prominent. Furthermore, the derived number of non-thermal electrons within the above-the-loop source is large enough to provide the needed number of precipitating electrons to account for the footpoint emission over the duration of the hard X-ray peak. Hence, these observations support the simple scenario where bulk energization is accelerating all electrons within the above-the-loop source and precipitating electrons are emptying out of the above-the-loop source to produce the footpoint emissions.</P>