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Hokyung Park,Rino Choi,Byoung Hun Lee,Seung-Chul Song,Man Chang,Young, C.D.,Bersuker, G.,Lee, J.C.,Hyunsang Hwang IEEE 2006 IEEE electron device letters Vol.27 No.8
<P>To understand the intrinsic effect of a hot-carrier injection on high-kappa dielectrics free from concurrent cold-carrier trapping, the authors have investigated a hot-carrier-induced damage with channel hot-carrier stresses and substrate hot-carrier stress. Compared to substrate hot-carrier stress, the channel hot-carrier stress shows a more significant cold-carrier-injection effect. By using a detrapping bias, they were able to decouple the effect of cold-carrier trapping from the permanent trap generation induced by the hot-carrier injection. As channel hot-carrier stress bias was reduced, a portion of cold-carrier trapping increased and a portion of interface trap generation decreased</P>
Metal Gate and High-k Gate Dielectrics for sub 50 nm High Performance MOSFETs
Hokyung Park,Musarrat Hasan,Minseok Jo,Hyunsang Hwang 대한금속재료학회(구 대한금속학회) 2007 ELECTRONIC MATERIALS LETTERS Vol.3 No.2
Over the past few years, metal gates and high-k gate dielectrics have been intensively developed to implement sub 50nm CMOS technology. Nevertheless, some issues of metal gate and high-k gate dielectric need to be solved. In particular, the high density of traps in dielectric and workfunction modulation with metal gate should be addressed by either understanding the mechanism or developing a new process. In this paper, we propose an analyses method and various processes to understand and solve the problems of metal gate and high-k gate dielectrics. First, to effectively passivate high-k/Si interface traps, post metallization annealing in high pressure hydrogen ambient was investigated. Compared with conventional forming gas annealing, high pressure annealing showed improved device performance owing to the effective passivation of interface traps. Second, the effect of traps in the high-k layer was evaluated by single pulsed I(d)-V(g) measurement and reliability such as bias temperature instability. By using nano-scale analysis, we have confirmed that non-uniform oxygen vacancy causes charge trapping and reliability degradation. Then, the interaction of metal gate and gate dielectric during thermal process was investigated with various metal electrodes and systems. Metal/dielectric interaction was found to be severe in elemental and ternary metal electrodes, while the binary metal electrode showed minimum interaction. To achieve appropriate workfunction with minimal interaction, the bi-layer metal electrode and conducting oxide electrode were developed. Both electrodes showed suitable workfunction which is close to conduction and valance band of silicon with improved thermal stability.
불완전 하이퍼큐브의 개선된 성능향상 기법과 경로배정 알고리즘
박호경(Hokyung Park),김성천(Sungchun Kim) 한국정보과학회 1995 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.22 No.1
n-차원 하이퍼큐브는 정확히 2ⁿ개의 노드만을 상호연결한다. 이것은 시스템의 크기에 제약을 가져오고, 만들 수 있는 두 시스템사이에 커다란 차이를 남긴다. 시스템 크기의 제약을 극복하기 위해서 노드가 2ⁿ개가 아닌 임의의 수를 가질 수 있는 불완전 하이퍼큐브에 관한 많은 연구가 진행되어왔다. 본 논문에서는 2ⁿ과 2ⁿ+2ⁿ-¹(n > 0)사이에 있는 어떠한 크기의 불완전 하이퍼큐브에서도 여분의 연결선을 추가하여 성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 개선된 기법을 제안한다. 여분의 연결선은 사용되지 않고 남아있는 포트를 가진 두 노드사이를 연결함으로 추가되는 비용은 거의 없다. 추가된 여분의 링크를 효율적으로 사용하면서, 교착 상태와 교통 혼잡이 없는 간단한 경로배정 알고리즘이 제안된다. 또한 병렬 컴퓨터에서 가장 자주 사용되는 작업중의 하나인 방송 작업을 위한 효율적인 알고리즘이 제안된다. 제안된 기법은 직경을 거의 반으로 줄이고, 평균 메세지 횡단에서 상당한 감소를 보인다.
고관절 골절 수술 이후 광선치료를 포함한 한방치료 3예 보고
장호경 ( Hokyung Chang ),김형석 ( Hyungsuk Kim ),김수전 ( Soojeon Kim ),김세윤 ( Seyoon Kim ),박재현 ( Jae-hyun Park ),배준형 ( Jun-hyeong Bae ),신우철 ( Woochul Shin ),윤예지 ( Ye-ji Yoon ),이한솔 ( Hansol Lee ),정원석 ( Won-seok 한방재활의학과학회 2018 한방재활의학과학회지 Vol.28 No.4
This study is designed to report three cases of postoperative care after hip surgery using conventional Korean Medicine treatments including phototherapy. Three patients undergone hip fracture surgery were treated with acupuncture, herbal medicine, and phototherapy. We used Visual analogue scale (VAS), EuroQol five dimension scale (EQ-5D), and hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS) to evaluate treatment effectiveness. After the treatment, VAS score was improved in all three cases, while EQ-5D and HOOS showed different results by items. EQ-5D (pain/discomfort) and HOOS (pain, symptoms, activities of daily living) were improved in all three cases. EQ-5D (self-care) and HOOS (quality of life) showed improvements in two cases. EQ-5D (mobility, usual activities, anxiety/depression) and HOOS (sports/recreation) were improved in one case. Conventional Korean Medicine treatments including phototherapy can be effectively used to alleviate pain and symptoms after hip fracture surgery. (J Korean Med Rehabil 2018;28(4):113-124)
Um, Wooram,Park, Jooho,Ko, Hokyung,Lim, Seungho,Yoon, Hong Yeol,Shim, Man Kyu,Lee, Sangmin,Ko, Young Ji,Kim, Min Ju,Park, Jae Hyung,Lim, Dong-Kwon,Byun, Youngro,Kwon, Ick Chan,Kim, Kwangmeyung Elsevier 2019 Biomaterials Vol.224 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>The therapeutic efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in cancer treatment is attributed to the conversion of tumor oxygen into reactive singlet oxygen (<SUP>1</SUP>O<SUB>2</SUB>) using photosensitizers. However, poor tissue penetration and rapid oxygen depletion have limited the effectiveness of PDT. Therefore, we have developed visible light-induced apoptosis activatable nanoparticles of the photosensitizer (Ce6)-caspase 3 cleavable peptide (<I>Asp-Glu-Val-Asp</I>, DEVD)-anticancer drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) conjugate, resulting in Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles. The average size of self-assembled Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles was 90.8 ± 18.9 nm. Compared with conventional PDT based on high-energy irradiation, the new therapy uses lower-energy irradiation to induce apoptosis of cancer cells, and activation of caspase 3 to successfully cleave the anticancer drug MMAE from the Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles, resulting in strong cytotoxic effects in cancer cells. Notably, the one-time activation of MMAE in the Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles further amplified the cytotoxic effect resulting in additional cell death in the absence of visible light irradiation. Furthermore, Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles passively accumulated in the targeted tumor tissues <I>via</I> enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect in mice with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC7). The high levels of toxicity were retained after exposure to lower-energy irradiation. However, Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles did not show any toxicity in the absence of exposure to visible light irradiation, in contrast to the toxicity of free MMAE (1–10 nM). Thus, the light-induced therapeutic strategy based on apoptotic activation of Ce6-DEVD-MMAE nanoparticles can be used to treat solid tumors inaccessible to conventional PDT.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>