식민지 조선의 "어진영"-초등교육기관의 경우-

히우라사토코 ( Hiura Satoko ) 한국교육사학회 2016 한국교육사학 Vol.38 No.3

To date, there is only a limited amount of scholarship on the study of Imperial Portraits in Imperial Japan`s colonies. In addition, extant research on the subject is predominantly based on the assumption that Imperial Portraits were distributed throughout colonial schools as they were in Japan proper due to imperial ``assimilation`` policy. As a result, their conclusions at times fall short of the realities of colonial school life. In other words, it is important to abstain from such an assumption when considering the realities of colonial school life. First, this paper reveals that the distribution of Imperial Portraits to Korean schools was first planned by Governor General Minami Jir?. This project was actually related more to the introduction of the 1938 Korean Voluntary Military Service Law than the third revision of the Korean Education Law of the same year. Second, this paper carefully examines how Imperial Portraits were actually distributed as well as how principals, teachers` associations and schools responded to them. Third, this paper shows that it was almost impossible for Chosun Government General to distribute the portraits to elementary schools for Japanese residents in Korea, let alone to all Korean elementary schools due to existing distrust of Korean-Japanese mutual antagonism, and the excessive anxiety held by Japanese residing in Korean local communities. In conclusion, this paper hypothesizes why Governor General Minami persisted in the unprecedented distribution of Imperial Portraits to Korean schools.

<일반논문> : 학교의식에 나타난 식민지 교육: 현대일본의 "국가신도" 논쟁과 관련하여

히우라사토코 ( Satoko Hiura ) 한림대학교 일본학연구소 2014 翰林日本學 Vol.0 No.25

신사, 신도를 역사적으로 서술하는 연구사의 시점은 오늘날까지 대부분 기독교 및 기독교 계 사립학교의 신사참배 강요, 신앙 탄압 문제에 집중되어 있다. 그러나 식민지에 있어 강요한 (받은) 것은 신사참배뿐 만 아니라 (신사는 그다지 많은 지역에 설립되지 않았다), 지역사회 에 존재하는 보통학교 안에 만들어진 신사를 대신하는 가미다나(神棚)와 가미다나에 모시는 신궁대마, 그리고 교육활동이라는 명목으로 강요한 배례(경례) 등, 폭넓은 강요 또는 폭력장치 와 방법에 관한 문제로서 파악되어야 할 것이다. 본고는 이러한 견지에서 종교 강요 문제가 학교교육의 ‘세속성’ (비종교성) 원칙을 배경으 로 가시화 되지 못한채 존재해 왔다는 점을 지적하였다. 애초 일본교육에 있어 학교의례는 ‘국가제사’의 비종교적인 상시형으로, 일본 국내에서 밖 에 통용되지 않는 특이한 제도였다. 그러던 것이 1930년대 중반 이후 조선에서, 종교 신앙적 측면이 큰 ‘오하라이’ 등이 공립학교 교육에 침투된다. 원래 신사참배는 ‘기도’ 라는 마음의 행 위와 ‘가시와데(拍手=박수)’라는 신체행위가 동시에 포함되는 의례이다. 그러나 조선에서의 ‘황국신민 서사’ 와 같이 ‘목소리를 낸다’, ‘기립한다’ 와 같이 신체 의례적 측면만이 강조되는 방향으로 강화되어, 전시체제의 강화와 더불어 심각성을 더하게 된다. 이는 종교적 측면에서 강당에 ‘교에이’를 걸고, 가미다나를 설치하여, 신체의례적 측면에서는 의례규정에 명시도지도 않은 ‘서사’를 순서에 끼워 넣는 임시방편을 택하여 미봉의 끝에 붕괴한 것이라 할 수 있다. 현대 일본에서 종교역사 연구는 식민지시기 연구를 중심으로 학교생활 속의 천황숭배 문제 등 ‘풀뿌리’ 적인 일상생활 속에 묻혀 있던 문제를 다룸으로써 종교를 폭 넓은 의미에서의 역 사적 과제로 다루고자 하는 움직임이 요구되고 있다. State-Shinto [Kokka-Shinto] paradigm has long been discussed and reconsidered in modern Japan. One viewpoint is to grasp it restrictively as the term which means the prewar Jinja [Japanese Shrine] system that had been under the administrative control of the Imperial Japan’s government. On the contrary, another viewpoint is to understand this as broad framework, including school history or Imperial Rituals which sustained after WWII. This script stands on the latter viewpoint and tries to reconsider the colonial Korea’s school education. The standpoints of extant research on Jinja-Shinto field have mainly focused on the problem of the compulsive shrine visitation and violent oppression toward Christians and their churches in Korea. However, it is not only Christians’ shrine visit that was compelled violently by colonial government or other colonial powers. For instance, Jinja shrine were not always existed all over Korean regional communities. Instead, it is important to review carefully such historical facts that many numbers of substitute equipment, which were made as small and inexpensive Jinja-typed apparatus, were set up in public school all over Korea. By taking a careful look at Imperial Japan’s school system, its textbooks and education methods, we can find some forms of broader compulsion than seen in the extant research. When modern Japanese school system had been prepared in Meiji Era in mainland Japan, school rituals were made under the principle of non-religion. But this system could not be applied to colonial schools. In Korean schools, Emperor worship itself could not be understood as non-religion one even if school teachers would insist it as not. Under such situation, not only students’ shrine visit but opportunities to join shrine rituals, which were held not by schools but by shrines, were more and more increased. This went beyond the boundary between non-religion and religion.On the one hand, as seen above, religious compulsion was emphasized day by day. But it is not only the form of oppression toward Korean residents. For example, the education method of “Imperial Subjects Oath”, which was forced only in Korea, tried to highlight the aspects of physical move such as saying it in a loud voice or standing upright position, on the other. Primarily Jinja-Sanpai consists of the two aspects at the same time. One is the mental pray and the other is physical clap. In spreading Japanese typed schools, various types of the violent enforcement with strange divergent of those two aspects came with them. When Imperial Japan’s school system, in which Emperor worship was its core, was once introduced and spread in Korea, lots of contradiction and logical impasse were continuously exposed. Japanese Government General cannot choose but respond with temporal expedients.

Mitochondrial DNA Variation and Genetic Relationships in Japanese and Korean Cattle

Sasazaki, S.,Odahara, S.,Hiura, C.,Mukai, F.,Mannen, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.10

The complete mtDNA D-loop regions of Japanese and Korean cattle were analyzed for their mtDNA variations and genetic relationships. Sequencing the 30 Higo substrain and 30 Tosa substrain of Japanese Brown, respectively 12 and 17 distinct Bos haplotypes were identified from 77 polymorphic nucleotide sites. In order to focus on the relationships among Japanese and Korean cattle, two types of phylogenetic tree were constructed using individual sequences; first, a neighbor-joining tree with all sequences and second, reduced median networks within each Japanese and Korean cattle group. The trees revealed that two major mtDNA haplotype groups, T3 and T4, were represented in Japanese and Korean cattle. The T4 haplogroup predominated in Japanese Black and Japanese Brown cattle (frequency of 43.3-66.7%), while the T3 haplogroup was predominant (83.3%) and T4 was represented only twice in the Korean cattle. The results suggested that the mitochondrial origins of Japanese Brown were Japanese ancient cattle as well as Japanese Black in despite of the considerable introgression of Korean and European cattle into Japanese Brown.

The Relationship between Administrators’ Awareness of Organizational Climate and Teachers’ Careers in Private Preschools in X Prefecture, Japan

( Takehiko Habukawa ),( Naomi Hiura ) 한국유아교육학회 2021 정기학술대회 논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

User Interface by Virtual Shadow Projection

Huichuan Xu,Daisuke Iwai,Shinsaku Hiura,Kosuke Sato 제어로봇시스템학회 2006 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.10

Leaf flushing and shedding, bud and flower production, and stem elongation in tall birch trees subjected to increases in aboveground temperature

Nakamura, Masahiro,Makoto, Kobayashi,Tanaka, Motonobu,Inoue, Taiki,Son, Yowhan,Hiura, Tsutom Springer-Verlag 2016 Trees Vol.30 No.5

<P>Tall birch trees allocate extra resource due to aboveground temperature elevation to bud and male flower production rather than to plant growth. Saplings increased only plant growth under warming. Size-dependent response should be considered. We experimentally heated canopy organs of tall birch trees (Betula ermanii Cham.; 18-20 m high) growing at a high latitude to determine how leaf phenology, plant growth, and bud and male flower production might shift in response to increases in aboveground temperature during global climate change. We warmed the canopies with infrared heat lamps fixed to steel pipe scaffolds built around the trees. The temperature of the warmed canopies increased by approximately 1 A degrees C. Warming extended the length of the growing season of canopy leaves (by accelerating leaf flush and delaying leaf fall), and significantly increased the numbers of buds and male flowers per shoot. Bud production and shoot length were positively correlated in both warmed and control branches. However, warming did not increase canopy shoot lengths. The intercept value of the positive regression slope between bud production and shoot length for warmed branches was higher than that for control branches. Thus, canopy warming had a direct positive effect on the bud production but had no indirect effect via increases in shoot length. Our experiment showed that tall birch trees allocated extra resources made available by increased aboveground temperature to bud and male flower production rather than to plant growth.</P>

Estimation of stress and strain on capping sheets at temporary storage sites via SfM analysis using drone photos

( Hirofumi Nakayama ),( Yasuyuki Kimura ),( Takayuki Shimaoka ),( Ryoichi Furuta ),( Ichiro Hiura ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2017 No.1

Radioactive materials were widely spread as a result of a nuclear accident at the Tokyo Electric Power Company Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant initiated by the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake, which occurred on March 11. Radioactive decontamination work for the same is still underway. At the temporary storage sites, decontamination wastes are stored in flexible containers and gas-permeable waterproof sheets are used for capping to cover the waste. However, currently, 6 years after the accident, several capping sheets are being reported as damaged, raising concerns about the contamination of surrounding environment because of rain leaking through the capping sheet. Large puddles formed on top of the capping sheets are the main cause for their damage. The reported damages include tears in the capping sheet materials and separation of joints caused by the tension generated by the puddles. More than 1000 temporary storage sites have been constructed and more than 100,000 mountains have been built. At these sites, it is necessary to monitor the puddles formed on the capping sheets and inspect the resulting damages. Although visual inspection of temporary storage sites is currently being conducted approximately once a month, the number of temporary storage sites is vast and conducting inspection by climbing on degraded capping sheets involves a risk in terms of the safety of the workers. Therefore, this study investigates a monitoring method to locate a site with a high probability of damages on the capping sheets via measurement of the strain generated by the puddles on the sheets and using a drone to photograph and analyze the temporary storage sites. This study generated 3D models via SfM analysis of the images photographed by drones and aimed to develop a method to estimate the damage endangered area by estimating the stress and strain distribution with FEM using the coordinate data of the point groups forming the 3D models as the input data. The results of this study are as follows: Strain and stress generated by the puddles are concentrated at the edges of the puddles. For mock temporary storage site, we were able to confirm a strain of approximately 20% and stress of 9 MPa measured by adhering a strain gauge to the capping sheet. This is five times greater than 1.75 MPa, the self-standard value of the capping sheet strength set by the Japan Water Sealing Association, and therefore, monitoring of the sheet is considered to be of utmost importance. There was an increase in the strain and stress values near the vicinity of the puddle center; however, they were only about half of the values at the edges. Strain and stress distribution for mock temporary storage sites were calculated via FEM analysis. Because the measured results and the analytically calculated values were consistent in terms of the location and the degree of strain, we can infer that there is a constant validity and believe that it is possible to apply this to an actual site. The method developed in this study was applied for the detection of damage endangered area at an actual temporary storage site for decontamination waste in Fukushima. Concentration of the strain and stress near the top of the slope at the edge of the temporary storage site was confirmed and the strain value was recorded up to a maximum of 4%, while a maximum of 1.8 MPa was attained for the stress. These values slightly exceed 1.75 MPa, which is the self-standard tensile strength set by the Japan Water Sealing Association.