DETERMINATION OF THE APPARENT ILEAL DIGESTIBILITY OF PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS IN FEEDSTUFFS AND MIXED DIETS FOR GROWIG-FINSHING PIGS WITH THE MOBILE NYLON BAG TECHNIQUE

Yin, Y.L.,Zhong, H.Y.,Huang, R.L. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1995 Animal Bioscience Vol.8 No.5

A series of experiments was conducted to determine the influence of various pepsin-HCL pretreatment factor, hereby the factors of duration of washing for the retrieved bags, inherent to the mobile nylon bag technique (MNBT), on apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein (AIDCP) and apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (AIDDM). At last, the AIDCP and apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids (AIDAA) in maize, barley, wheat, rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal and three mixed diets were determined with the MNBT and ileo-rectal anastomis pigs (IRAT). For the MNBT techniques, bag measuring $25{\times}40$ MM and containing 0.75 g feedstuff samples, after pre-digestion in vitro, were introduced into the ileo-rectal anastomis pigs (IRAT) gastrointestinal tract through a duodenal cannula and recovered in the ileal digesta between 6 and 12 h. later. 1. The apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (AIDDM) and crude protein (AIDCP) of the tested samples, with the exception of fish meal, determined by MNBT were not affected by the different pepsin-HCL pretreatment times in vitro between 2.5 h. and 4 h. 2. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference of the AIDCP and AIDDM of maize determined by the MNBT among different pepsin concentration (0.03%, 0.07% and 0.1 %) treatment in vitro. 3. The AIDCP determined with the MNBT was affected by the washed and unwashed recovered bags from the ileal digesta. 4. The AIDCP and AID amino acids (AIDAA) of maize, barley, wheat, rapeseed meal, soya-bean meal, cottonseed meal and three mixed diets from the MNBT, with a solution of 0.01N HCL (PH 2) and 0.1% of pepsin concentration, a pepsin-HCL pretreatment time in vitro or 4h. and a washing time of the recovered bag from the ileal digesta compared well with those from the IRAT. The linear regression analysis showed a significant correlation (p < 0.01) of AIDCP and AIDDA between the IRAT and MNBT.

Effects of Supplementing with Single or Multiple Trace Minerals on Growth Performance, Fecal Mineral Excretion and Nutrient Utilization in Pullets from 1 to 18 Weeks of Age

Zhong, L.L.,Yao, J.H.,Cheng, N.,Sun, Y.J.,Liu, Y.R.,Wang, Y.J.,Sun, X.Q.,Xi, H.B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.6

This study investigated whether supplemental Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn are needed in a practical diet for pullets. Four hundred and twenty females of an egg-laying strain (1-d-old, Lohmann Brown Layer) were randomly distributed into 4 groups, consisting of 7 replicates of 15 birds each. During the 18-week experimental period, chicks were given three basal diets in sequence, each with single or multiple Mn, Zn and Cu supplementation to improve the mineral balance gradually. In the Control, no Mn, Zn, and Cu were added; in the single Mn supplemented group (sMn) Mn was added to 120, 60, and 60 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn and Zn supplemented group (mMnZn), Mn was added to 180, 90, and 90 mg/kg and Zn was added to 120, 105, and 105 mg/kg for 1-6, 7-12, and 13-18 weeks of age, respectively; in the multiple Mn, Zn, Cu supplemented group (mMnZnCu), Mn, Zn, and Cu were added to the same multiple of basal Fe concentration relative to NRC (1994) recommendations. Energy and protein metabolizability were determined by subtracting energy/protein intake by energy/protein excretion (from both feces and urine) and dividing by energy/protein intake. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in terms of feed intake, final body weight or tibia length throughout the experiment. Optimal growth performance was observed in the Control, while adding trace minerals to basal diets tended to result in decreased productive performance. Protein metabolizability was increased by mMnZn and mMnZnCu treatments, but energy metabolizability was not affected. Concentrations of Mn, Zn, Cu in excreta varied greatly related to dietary content, and the retentions of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn were all increased due to the improvement of mineral balance. Based on these results, it is suggested that the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn in typical basal diets used in this study were adequate for normal growth for pullets from 1 to 18 weeks of age.

Investigation on the Unlubricated Sliding Tribological Properties of Ti–20Zr–6.5Al–4V Alloy at Elevated Temperatures

H. Zhong,L. Q. Yang,Y. Yue,C. P. Zhang,F. X. Jin,M. Gu,M. Z. Ma 대한금속·재료학회 2020 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.26 No.12

In this study, unlubricated sliding friction and wear properties of a recently-developed TiZr-based alloy (Ti–20Zr–6.5Al–4V, TZ20 hereafter) were tested at elevated temperatures ranging from room temperature to 673 K. After the tribologicaltests, worn surface and cross-section of TZ20 alloy were analyzed to illustrate its wear behavior. The results showed that thewear rate was increased firstly with the ambient temperature, which then decreased when the temperature exceeded criticaltransition temperature (473 K). Also, the dominant wear mechanisms changed from adhesive wear at room temperature toabrasive wear at 473 K, and then to mild abrasive wear at highest ambient temperature of 673 K. The variations of wearbehaviors could be attributed to tribo-oxide layer formed during sliding process. At ambient temperature of 673 K, the tribooxidelayer formed on the surface was thicker and more compact, and showed more obvious protective role on tribologicalproperties of TZ20 alloy.

Immobilization of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase on Silylated Mesoporous TiO2 Whiskers

H. Q. Wang,Zhong Yao,Y. Sun,Z. Zhou,Q. Xiong,Z. X. Zhong 한국생물공학회 2014 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.19 No.2

The surface of mesoporous TiO2 whiskers (MTw)was chemically modified with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane(APTES). The point of zero charge (pzc) of MTw and themodified material (MTwA) was 5.3 and 6.8, respectively. MTw and MTwA were then used as carrier to immobilizeγ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). Our results indicated that the loading capacity ofMTwA for GTT was significantly superior to that of MTw. Although the optimum temperature and thermal stability ofMTwA-GGT were slightly lower than those of MTw-GGT,its pH stability was greatly improved compared with eitherfree enzyme or MTw-GGT. The affinity constant (Km) ofMTwA-GGT to γ-glutamyl-p-nitroanilide (GpNA) was0.889 mM, higher than that of free enzyme but lower thanthat of MTw-GGT. In addition, MTwA-GGT displayed agood operational stability.

An accurate and efficient shell element with improved reduced integration rules

Zhong, Z.H.,Tan, M.J.,Li, G.Y. Techno-Press 1999 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.8 No.6

An accurate and efficient shell element is presented. The stiffness of the shell element is decomposed into two parts with one part corresponding to stretching and bending deformation and the other part corresponding to shear deformation of the shell. Both parts of the stiffness are calculated with reduced integration rules, thereby improving computational efficiency. Shear strains are averaged on the reference surface such that neither locking phenomena nor any zero energy mode can occur. The satisfactory behaviour of the element is demonstrated in several numerical examples.

SYNTHESIS AND FIELD EMISSION PROPERTIES OF SnS_2 AND In-DOPED SnS_2 WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE

H. X. ZHONG,C. X. WANG 성균관대학교(자연과학캠퍼스) 성균나노과학기술원 2011 NANO Vol.6 No.5

A simple hydrothermal route was employed to prepare flower-like SnS_2 and In-doped SnS_2 by using biomolecular L-cysteine as sulfur source. The synthetic samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in detail. Furthermore, the field emission from both the materials was investigated, it was found that both of them have excellent field emission properties, and the doped In has enhanced the field emission properties.

Characterization and Mapping of the Bovine FBP1 Gene

Guo, H.,Liu, W-S.,Takasuga, A.,Eyer, K.,Landrito, E.,Xu, Shang-zhong,Gao, X.,Ren, H-Y. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.9

Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1) is a key regulatory enzyme of gluconeogenesis that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to generate fructose-6-phosphate and inorganic phosphate. Deficiency of fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase is associated with fasting hypoglycemia and metabolic acidosis. The enzyme has been shown to occur in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals. The bovine FBP1 gene was cloned and characterized in this study. The full length (1,241 bp) FBP1 mRNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein of 338 amino acids, a 63 bp 5' untranslated region (UTR) and a 131 bp 3' UTR. The bovine FBP1 gene was 89%, 85%, 82%, 82% and 74% identical to the orthologs of pig, human, mouse, rat and zebra fish at mRNA level, and 97%, 96%, 94%, 93% and 91% identical at the protein level, respectively. This gene was broadly expressed in cattle with the highest level in testis, and the lowest level in heart. An intronic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (A/G) was identified in the $5^{th}$ intron of the bovine FBP1 gene. Genotyping of 133 animals from four beef breeds revealed that the average frequency for allele A (A-base) was 0.7897 (0.7069-0.9107), while 0.2103 (0.0893-0.2931) for allele B (G-base). Our preliminary association study indicated that this SNP is significantly associated with traits of Average Daily Feed Intake (ADFI) and Carcass Length (CL) (p<0.01). In addition, the FBP1 gene was assigned on BTA8 by a hybrid radiation (RH) mapping method.

Novel alternative splicing by exon skipping in <i>KIT</i> associated with whole‐body roan in an intercrossed population of Landrace and Korean Native pigs

Lim, H. T.,Zhong, T.,Cho, I. C.,Seo, B. Y.,Kim, J. H.,Lee, S. S.,Ko, M. S.,Park, H. B.,Kim, B. W.,Lee, J. H.,Jeon, J. T. Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2011 Animal genetics Vol.42 No.4

<P><B>Summary</B></P><P>The <I>KIT</I> locus has been suggested to be a strong candidate region linked with whole‐body roan in the F<SUB>2</SUB> population produced by intercrosses between Landrace and Korean Native pigs. In this manuscript, we report the finding of a novel alternative splicing event in the porcine <I>KIT</I> gene that results in the skipping of exon 5 in the <I>I</I><SUP><I>Rn</I></SUP> allele. <I>KIT</I> mRNAs that lack exon 5 were identified in the large intestine and skin, suggesting that the mechanism responsible for the skipping of exon 5 may be tissue specific. A U<SUB>26</SUB> repeat in intron 5 showed complete linkage (LOD = 11.8) with the roan phenotype and absolute association with the black phenotype of the Korean Native pig (KNP) population samples, inferring that the repeat pattern may alter the complementary base‐pairing‐mediated looping‐out of introns 4 and 5, which may mediate the exon 5‐skipping event. Although the sample size in our study was relatively small, we speculate that the <I>R3</I> allele containing the U<SUB>26</SUB> repeat is a causative element for the roan phenotype via alternative control of the exon skipping in our roan pedigree.</P>

Traditional and complementary medicine for promoting healthy ageing in WHO Western Pacific Region: Policy implications from utilization patterns and current evidence

Vincent C.H. Chung,Charlene H.L. Wong,Claire C.W. Zhong,Yan Yin Tjioe,Ting Hung Leung,Sian M. Griffiths 한국한의학연구원 2021 Integrative Medicine Research Vol.10 No.1

Background: With increasing burden of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD), ageing becomes a global public health concern, and the World Health Organization Western Pacific Region has no exception. To address the NCD challenge, priority should be given to promote healthy ageing across the life-course. As traditional and complementary medicine (T&CM) is popular within the Region, it is of policy interest to explore possibilities of applying T&CM for promoting healthy ageing. Methods: We first summarized sources of clinical evidence supporting the use of T&CM. We then searched publications through MEDLINE from its inception to April 2020 to identify studies focusing on the perception of T&CM among older people. Finally, taking current evidence base and patient choice into account, we generated policy recommendations for of integrating T&CM into health systems. Result: Experiences from countries with different income levels suggested that promoting evidence-based T&CM as self-care modalities would be the most efficient way of maximizing impact among the older population, especially via a train the trainer approach. Meanwhile, popularity of natural products in the Region mandates policy makers to implement appropriate regulation and quality assurance, and to establish pharmacovigilance to detect potential harm. The role of pharmacists in advising patients on self-medication using natural products needs to be strengthened. Conclusion: Policy-makers will benefit from continued global dialogue and sharing of experience in T&CM policy development and implementation. Harmonizing regulatory frameworks for natural products at regional and global levels, including mutual recognition of regulatory approval, to improve standards and protect patients could be a priority.

The Relative Effectiveness of Liquid Methionine Hydroxy Analogue Compared to DL-methionine in Broilers

Yao, J.H.,Li, S.Q.,Zhong, L.L.,Huang, S.X.,Zhang, W.J.,Xi, H.B. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.7

The present experiment was conducted to assess the efficacy of liquid methionine hydroxy analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) in comparison to DL-methionine (DL-Met) in broilers. 567 day-old Avian chicks were divided into 7 treatments with 5 replicates of 16 birds each. During the 35d (7-42 d) experimental periods chicks were given two basal diets. From 7 to 21d of age, a starting basal diet containing 19.5% protein and 0.33% methionine was supplemented with two graded levels of DL-Met (0.070 and 0.160%) or four levels of MHA-FA (0.118, 0.143, 0.221 and 0.268%). From 22 to 42d of age DL-Met (0.050 and 0.080%) or MHA-FA (0.071, 0.074, 0.112 and 0.140%) were added to a finishing basal diet with 18.0% protein and 0.28% methionine. Chicks fed on supplemental DL-Met or MHA-FA had significantly higher (p<0.05) body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group from 7-21d of age. During the finishing phase (22-42 d), body weight and weight gain of chicks in DL-Met or MHA-FA treatments were similar to those in the control, but FCR was improved (p<0.05) with supplementation of DL-Met or MHA-FA. Breast yield was higher (p<0.05) on DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented than un-supplemented diets. The thigh meat yields emanating from diets with DL-Met or MHA-FA were lower (p<0.05) than that in control. Abdominal fat was also higher in broilers fed the control diet than in DL-Met or MHA-FA supplemented treatments. Methionine requirement of broilers was calculated to be 0.44 and 0.35% and cystine requirement was 0.35 and 0.31% for the starting (7-21 d) and finishing phase (22-42 d), respectively. The efficacy of MHA-FA in comparison to DL-Met for weight gain was 64 and 85% and for FCR was 55 and 60% at 7-21 and 22-42 d of age, respectively, while it was 74, 72, 52 and 48% for breast yield, thigh meat production, body energy content and energy deposition ratio at 42 d of age, respectively. In conclusion, in practical diet formulation for broiler chicks the average bioavailability of MHA-FA relative to DL-Met could be considered as 60 and 73% for 7 to 21d and 22 to 42 d of age, respectively.