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An unusual finding of the pectoralis major muscle: decussation of sternal fibers across the midline
Halle Burley,Georgi P. Georgiev,Joe Iwanaga,Aaron S. Dumont,R. Shane Tubbs 대한해부학회 2020 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.53 No.4
Variations of the pectoralis major muscle are commonly seen. However, during the routine dissection of an adult male cadaver, an apparently uncommon muscular variant was identified. In this cadaver, the sternal heads of the left and right pectoralis muscles crossed the midline and interdigitated with one another. In addition, the clavicular heads of both pectoralis major muscles were separated from the remaining parts of the muscles. Such anatomical variants such be kept in mind by clinicians and surgeons during patient evaluation and treatment.
Interactions in an art neural system
Trifon Trifonov,Kalin Georgiev,George Mengov 장전수학회 2008 Advanced Studies in Contemporary Mathematics Vol.16 No.1
This work continues a series of papers about a neural network that incorporates adaptive resonance theory (ART) as a system of ordinary differential equations. The original, Exact ART, requires huge computational resources even for small-scale tasks. However, for technological applications it is necessary to devise more efficient computing algorithms. Here we propose simplifications of the original subsystem responsible for bottom-up and top-down data matching. In effect we formulate and solve a substitution problem that preserves only those features, which are essential for the overall system dynamics.
Ginsenosides: prospective for sustainable biotechnological production
Murthy, Hosakatte Niranjana,Georgiev, Milen I.,Kim, Yun-Soo,Jeong, Cheol-Seung,Kim, Sun-Ja,Park, So-Young,Paek, Kee-Yoeup Springer-Verlag 2014 Applied microbiology and biotechnology Vol.98 No.14
<P>Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (ginseng) is a well-known medicinal plant that has been traditionally used in the oriental countries for centuries. Wild ginseng is a scarce and rare commodity. Field cultivation of the ginseng plant is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. Ginsenosides, a group of glycosylated triterpenes, also known as saponins, are the principal bioactive constituents of ginseng. The use of cell and organ culture processes has been sought as a potential alternative for the efficient mass production of ginseng raw material. Various bioprocessing strategies have been developed to date. Cells and adventitious roots have been cultured in large-scale bioreactors and various strategies have been developed accordingly for the enhancement of biomass and ginsenoside accumulation. This review highlights the recent progress in the cultivation of ginseng cell and organ cultures for the production of ginsenosides from bioreactor cultures. In addition, the metabolism and biochemistry of ginsenoside biosynthesis, genomic and proteomic studies in ginseng, metabolic engineering, biosafety, toxicological evaluation, and efficacy assessment of ginseng raw material are also summarized and thoroughly discussed.</P>
The role of the osmosensitive transcription factor NFAT5 in corneal edema resorption after injury
Hadrian Karina,Musial Gwen,Schönberg Alfrun,Georgiev Tihomir,Küper Christoph,Bock Felix,Jantsch Jonathan,Cursiefen Claus,Eming Sabine A.,Hos Deniz 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-
The osmosensitive transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5; or tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein; TonEBP) plays a key role in macrophage-driven regulation of cutaneous salt and water balance. In the immune-privileged and transparent cornea, disturbances in fluid balance and pathological edema result in corneal transparency loss, which is one of the main causes of blindness worldwide. The role of NFAT5 in the cornea has not yet been investigated. We analyzed the expression and function of NFAT5 in naive corneas and in an established mouse model of perforating corneal injury (PCI), which causes acute corneal edema and transparency loss. In uninjured corneas, NFAT5 was mainly expressed in corneal fibroblasts. In contrast, after PCI, NFAT5 expression was highly upregulated in recruited corneal macrophages. NFAT5 deficiency did not alter corneal thickness in steady state; however, loss of NFAT5 led to accelerated resorption of corneal edema after PCI. Mechanistically, we found that myeloid cell-derived NFAT5 is crucial for controlling corneal edema, as edema resorption after PCI was significantly enhanced in mice with conditional loss of NFAT5 in the myeloid cell lineage, presumably due to increased pinocytosis of corneal macrophages. Collectively, we uncovered a suppressive role for NFAT5 in corneal edema resorption, thereby identifying a novel therapeutic target to combat edema-induced corneal blindness.
Flow reactor for preparation of lipid nanoparticles via temperature variations
I. Lesov,D. Glushkova,D. Cholakova,M.T. Georgiev,S. Tcholakova,S.K. Smoukov,N. Denkov 한국공업화학회 2022 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.112 No.-
Lipid nanoemulsions and nanosuspensions are used as flavor carriers and bubble stabilizers in soft drinksand foods, as well as delivery vehicles for lipophilic drugs in pharmaceutics. Common techniques for theirformation are the high-pressure and ultrasonic homogenizers. These techniques dissipate most of theinput energy, which results in excessive heating and generation of free radicals that might modify sensitiveingredients. Low energy methods are also used in some applications, but they have specific limitationsrestricting their universal use. In the current study, we propose an alternative approach - a flowreactor with a variable temperature, which utilizes the lipids’ polymorphic transitions to induce spontaneousfragmentation of the lipid microparticles into nanoparticles. The reactor allows us to obtain emulsionsor suspensions with particle diameters tunable between 20 and 800 nm when appropriatesurfactants, temperature profiles, and flow rates are applied. The fragmentation is comparable to thatin a high-pressure homogenizer at ca. 500 bars or higher, without creating emulsion overheating or cavitationtypical for the conventional methods. The flow reactor can be scaled up to industrial applicationsusing simple scaling rules.