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Corallite increase and mural pores in <i>Lichenaria</i> (Tabulata, Ordovician)
Elias, Robert J.,Lee, Dong-Jin,Woo, Sung-Kyu Cambridge University Press 2008 Journal of paleontology Vol.82 No.2
<P><I>Lichenaria</I> may be a representative of the most primitive stock of tabulate corals. The degree of paleobiologic complexity discovered in <I>L. globularis</I> and <I>L. grandis</I> is therefore surprising. Six types of corallite increase are recognized. All are lateral, which is the predominant mode in tabulates. Most types, however, are unique or are comparable to those in few other Ordovician taxa. Only Type 1 (<I>L. globularis</I>), yielding a single offset with a simple basal mural pore, is typical of tabulates. In Type 2 (<I>L. globularis</I>), one parent produces two offsets simultaneously, whereas in Type 3 (<I>L. globularis</I>), two offsets arise from separate parents at nearly the same time and join via a connective mural pore. Types 4 (<I>L. globularis, L. grandis</I>), 5 (<I>L. grandis</I>), and 6 (<I>L. globularis, L. grandis</I>), respectively, involve one, two, and two to four corallites in addition to the parent, which join via a connective mural pore at the site of offsetting.</P><P>Several features of <I>L. globularis</I> and <I>L. grandis</I> point to unexpectedly high levels of colony integration. Continuously fused common walls lacking back-to-back epithecae suggest soft tissue continuity among polyps above the corallum. Connective mural pores indicate temporary fusion of polyps. Coordinated behavior of polyps is suggested by the development of conjoined offsets from two parents during Type 3 increase, and by fusion during Types 4 to 6 increase. Attempts at certain types of increase sometimes failed to yield offsets, suggesting expendability of incipient buds, perhaps reflecting subjugation of individuals for the good of the colony.</P><P>In light of this study, genera that have previously been included in Lichenariidae and Lichenariida require reassessment and their phylogenetic relationships should be reconsidered. Unfortunately, this is hindered because fundamental characters such as corallite increase and wall structure remain inadequately known in most early tabulates.</P>
ELIAS SANIDAS;PARK, HYERI 경제연구소 2011 Journal of Economic Development Vol.36 No.1
It is well known that economic growth and services have a positive association. In particular, the more developed an economy is, the higher the share of the services sector. While most research has focused on service output, this study also examines services as input. Recently, the need for taking services a separate input in the production function has come to the fore. Therefore, the OECD productivity manual generalizes the KLEM model to KLEMS (capital-labor-energy-materials-services) model by including the services as an input. We use KLEMS data in this study. In addition, we augmented the standard production function with other variables such as the inventory to sales ratio, R&D to sales ratio, education expenditure to sales ratio, and the debt to sales ratio. The findings are encouraging and lead us to formulate some important conclusions; for example, after the 1998 Financial Crisis, the Korean economy has increased in efficiency and this is partly due to an increased importance of services as both output and input.
Elias gebru,Seungjin Lee,Dereje Damte,Woosik Jo,Seungchun Park 한국버섯학회 2010 한국버섯학회지 Vol.8 No.4
Phellinus gilvus(PG) is a medicinal mushroom belonging to the Hymenochaetaceae basidiomycetes, and has advantages over many Phellinus species due to its short growth period (3 mo), making it cheaper to produce. In the current investigation, we determined the major components of the ethyl acetate extract of PG responsible for its biological activities and further compared the magnitude of the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory activities of components with the various fractional extracts of PG. As the results, the average total DPPH radical scavenging activities of both Fd and Fc of PG was 10 mg/mL, > 95%. Among the fractional extracts of PG, Fd had the greatest inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 36.70㎍/mL, whereas Fb showed the lowest activity. PCA had even greater activity of NO inhibition than Fd with an IC50 value of 19.46㎍/mL. The mRNA expression of iNOS or COX-2 was nearly undetectable in the absence of LPS. However, LPS- stimulation markedly increased the expression of both iNOS and COX-2 genes. Fd inhibited the effect of LPS in a concentration-dependent manner. Six major compounds were identified from the ethyl acetate extract of PG, and protocatechualdehyde (PCA) was supposed to be the major phenolic compound of PG responsible for its DPPH free radical scavenging activity and its inhibitory effects on LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments are currently underway to confirm this observation and to investigate the detailed molecular mechanisms involved in the process as well as the biological activities of other fractions of Fd.
Elias Sanidas,Yousun Shin 서울대학교 경제연구소 2011 Seoul journal of economics Vol.24 No.1
The aim of this study is to use two main revealed comparative advantage (RCA) indices (Balassa's and the most recent "normalized" indices) and various quantitative techniques in order to systemically and rigorously draw some conclusions as to comparative advantage (CA) of the three East Asian countries. We use both HS 2-digit and 4-digit data to see how the three countries perform in RCA from 1995 to 2008. Overall, we find that there still exists a strict hierarchy in terms of CA in the three East Asian countries, although there is also a catching up process between them with a convergence towards a more competitive structure of RCA in exports. This mainly means that Japan and Korea are already in the process of converging towards the RCA neutral point (thus sectors that had RCA in 1995 get worse and sectors that did not have RCA in 1995 get better). However, China's position is still different from that of the other two countries (overall it might still be in the process of divergence).
Elias Sanidas,Fetene Bogale Hunegnaw 서울대학교 경제연구소 2017 Seoul journal of economics Vol.30 No.2
The effect of devaluations on economies is one of the most controversial macroeconomic policies in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), both theoretically and empirically. This study uses panel data from 1995-2013 for 17 SSA countries and 17 non-Euro OECD economies. The main conclusion is that exchange rates devaluations and revaluations are an effective policy instrument in improving trade balances and boosting real output in both regions. There are some similarities in the results between the two groups of nations but also many differences, which are indicated in detail in the text. For example, regarding the estimation of trade balances directly, the income effects (own GDP and foreign GDP) and the exchange rates effect seem to be more important in the case of SSA group than in the case of the OECD group. There are also some policy implications. Thus, governments in SSA nations are encouraged to further pursue both exchange rates and monetary or fiscal policies; and as they develop their industries, they may rely more and more on floating exchange rates.
How SMEs or larger firms and industries' productivity respond to technology: a panel data study
Elias Sanidas 한국유통과학회 2017 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2017 No.-
This paper is an important and necessary extension of the recent study by Lim and Sanidas (2011) where it was rigorously shown that both types of technology positively affect firms and industries in South Korea. How is this technological impact differentiated between SMEs and larger firms? The present paper answers this question and provides policy recommendations accordingly. Following the same methodology as in the just mentioned study, we put emphasis on the role of technological innovations which consist of two components: technical innovations (TIs) and organizational innovations (OIs). We use firm based data and the econometric method of Fixed Effects(FE) to measure the relationship between OIs, TIs and productivity. In these regressions we included some standard control variables such as wage efficiency, educational level, and capital to labor ratio to accommodate for other important influences. Some industries such as electrical machinery, motor vehicles, and non-electrical machinery have become more efficient in terms of OIs and TIs and thus improved productivity considerably. The results indicate that in general the size of firms is rather neutral to the influence of technology and all other factors on productivity. Thus, overall SMEs as well as large firms behave similarly in terms of the established relationships in this paper. However some significant differences which are detected in this study still exist.