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Yoon, Dae-Wi,Gross, Dustin E.,Lynch, Vincent M.,Lee, Chang-Hee,Bennett, Philip C.,Sessler, Jonathan L. Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Chemical communications Vol.2009 No.9
<P>The use of a pyrrole-strapped calix[4]pyrrole (1) permits the determination of chloride anion concentrations in mixed aqueous DMSO-<I>d</I><SUB>6</SUB>–H<SUB>2</SUB>O environments <I>via</I> proton NMR spectroscopy.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>A pyrrole-strapped calixpyrrole allows for binding of chloride anion in a highly polar medium consisting of DMSO–H<SUB>2</SUB>O and applications in NMR spectroscopic-based determinations of [Cl<SUP>−</SUP>]. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b818077f'> </P>
Yoon, Dae-Wi,Gross, Dustin E.,Lynch, Vincent M.,Sessler, Jonathan L.,Hay, Benjamin P.,Lee, Chang-Hee WILEY-VCH Verlag 2008 Angewandte Chemie Vol.47 No.27
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Weak but important: The chloride anion binding properties of diametrically strapped calixpyrroles bearing benzene (see structure), pyrrole, and furan moieties in the strap have been studied in the solid state, in solution, and through theoretical analyses. The results obtained provide support for the notion that C&n.bond;H⋅⋅⋅Cl<SUP>−</SUP> hydrogen bonds are significant and contribute substantially to the Cl<SUP>−</SUP> binding energetics. <img src='wiley_img/14337851-2008-47-27-ANIE200801426-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/14337851-2008-47-27-ANIE200801426-content'> </P>
Yoon, Dae-Wi,Gross, Dustin E.,Lynch, Vincent M.,Sessler, Jonathan L.,Hay, Benjamin P.,Lee, Chang-Hee WILEY-VCH Verlag 2008 Angewandte Chemie Vol.120 No.27
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Schwach und doch wichtig: Die Bindung des Chloridanions durch Calixpyrrole mit diametraler Brücke, die eine Benzol- (siehe Struktur; grau C,H; blau N; rot O; grün Cl), Pyrrol- oder Furaneinheit enthält, wurde im Festkörper, in Lösung und mithilfe theoretischer Analysen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, dass CH⋅⋅⋅Cl<SUP>−</SUP>-Wasserstoffbrücken wichtig sind und wesentlich zur Cl<SUP>−</SUP>-Bindungsenergetik beitragen. <img src='wiley_img/00448249-2008-120-27-ANGE200801426-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/00448249-2008-120-27-ANGE200801426-content'> </P>
Lee, Dae-Seok,Wi, Seung-Gon,Lee, Yoon-Gyo,Cho, Eun-Jin,Chung, Byung-Yeoup,Bae, Hyeun-Jong Humana Press 2011 Molecular biotechnology Vol.49 No.3
<P>A gene (arf) encoding an α-L: -arabinofuranosidase (ARF) that hydrolyzes arabinose substituted on xylan was isolated from Penicillium sp. The gene was predicted to encode 339 amino acid residues showing 71-75% homology to GH family 54. E. coli expressed ARF showed optimal activity at 50C and pH 5-6 on wheat arabinoxylan. The hydrolysis activities on oat spelt xylan by ARF and xylanase were 1.67-fold higher than that of xylanase alone. The synergistic effects of ARF and commercial enzymes (xylanase and cellulase) on popping-pretreated rice straw were 1.15-1.51-fold higher amounts of sugars released in the [ARF?+?xylanase?+?cellulase] mixture than in the mixtures [ARF?+?xylanase], [ARF?+?cellulase], and [xylanase?+?cellulase]. Moreover, the liberation of arabinose by ARF was enhanced 2.1-2.9-fold in a reaction with xylanase and cellulase as compared with [xylanase?+?cellulase] and ARF alone.</P>
Light and Electron Microscopic Characterization of Husk from Korean Rice
Adya P,Singh,Park,Byung-Dae,Wi,Seung-Gon,Lee,Kwang-Ho,Yoon,Tae-Ho,Kim,Yoon-Soo 한국자원식물학회 2002 Plant Resources Vol.5 No.2
Microscopic techniques were used to observe the microstructure of rice husk. Microscopic examination showed that two main components of husk, lemma and palea consisted of outer epidermis, layers of fibers, vascular bundles, parenchyma cells, and inner epidermis, in sequence from the outer to the inner surface. The outer epidermal walls were extremely thick, highly convoluted and lignified. The underlying fibers were also thick-walled and lignified. Parenchyma cells were thin-walled and unlignified. Inner epidermal cells were also unlignified. The outer surface of both lemma and palea were conspicuously ridged, but the lower surface had a flat appearance. As part of a detailed study to characterize rice husk using microscopic and micro-analytical techniques, distribution of silica was also examined, and is presented elsewhere. Rice husk can potentially be used as a raw material for making composite products and the observations presented here form valuable background information for our future work related to product development.