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Constructing a Past, Imagining a Future
Christopher, Cullen 성균관대학교 동아시아학술원 2001 Sungkyun Journal of East Asian Studies Vol.1 No.1
Constructing a Past, Imagining a Future
Hong Kong`s Remarkable Land Revenue Regime
( Richard Cullen ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2014 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.14 No.-
Some claim that Hong Kong is a remarkable tax policy museum while others say it is a centre of tax policy innovation . who is right? In fact, both views are credible. In both cases, these outcomes are the product of a near continuous economic dialectic . and happenstance . set within a particularly relevant culture. Text book policy planning has provided after-the-fact rationales far more than it has generated future policy blueprints. This article explains why the Hong Kong Revenue Regime has such a museum feel. And also how this “arrested development” has produced an “innovative system”. The innovation is unorthodox but real enough. Compared to most other developed jurisdictions: it has involved, above all, applying an instinctive version of “Occam’s Razor” to system review and development: reform has been kept to the bare minimum. Hong Kong thus retains a Revenue Regime which is (formally) low tax, clearly simple (with low compliance costs) and it has generated revenues sufficient to build excellent infrastructure, to provide often first rate government services, to enable Hong Kong to stay virtually debt free and to amass huge Fiscal Reserves. All of these achievements pivot, fundamentally, on Hong Kong’s remarkable, Land Revenue Regime (hereinafter LRR), which has enabled long-term (and continuing) reliance on significant, land-based funding of public revenue. The LRR is certainly not perfect. First, the cost of doing anything in Hong Kong is notably inflated by the very high cost of land; ultimately provided by a de factomonopoly supplier, the Hong Kong Government. Further examples: the poverty gap is far wider than it should be; and planning to cope with the onset of major demographic and other changes is poor. The overall success of the land-based funding of public revenue has, however, also provided the basis for some positive responses to these shortcomings. Moreover, the LRR offers potentially important revenue policy lessons for application beyond Hong Kong . at least, where this may still be politically possible.This article argues that the greatest potential in this regard lies in Mainland China.
Spalling of heated high performance concrete due to thermal and hygric gradients
Zhang, Binsheng,Cullen, Martin,Kilpatrick, Tony Techno-Press 2016 Advances in concrete construction Vol.4 No.1
In this study, high performance concrete beams and prisms with high content of PFA were heated to various temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ at heating rates of $1^{\circ}C/min$, $3^{\circ}C/min$ and $10^{\circ}C/min$. The thermal gradient was found to increase first with the heating time until a peak value was reached and then decrease until the thermal equilibrium was reached, measured as $115^{\circ}C$, $240^{\circ}C$ and $268^{\circ}C$ for the three heating rates. Spalling occurred on some specimens when the heating temperature was over $400^{\circ}C$ for heating rates of $3^{\circ}C/min$ and $10^{\circ}C/min$. The hygric gradient was found to reach its maximum when the thermal gradient reached its peak. This study indicates that spalling of HPC could happen when the heating temperature was high enough, and both thermal and hygric gradients reached their maxima.
Zhang, Binsheng,Cullen, Martin,Kilpatrick, Tony Techno-Press 2017 Advances in concrete construction Vol.5 No.5
In this study, the fracture toughness $K_{IC}$ of high performance concrete (HPC) was investigated by conducting three-point bending tests on a total of 240 notched beams of $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}100mm$ subjected to heating temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ with exposure times up to 16 hours and various heating and cooling rates. For a heating rate of $3^{\circ}C/min$, $K_{IC}$ for the hot concrete sustained a monotonic decrease trend with the increasing heating temperature and exposure time, from $1.389MN/m^{1.5}$ at room temperature to $0.942MN/m^{1.5}$ at $450^{\circ}C$ for 4-hour exposure time, $0.906MN/m^{1.5}$ for 8-hour exposure time and $0.866MN/m^{1.5}$ for 16-hour exposure time. For the cold concrete, $K_{IC}$ sustained a two-stage decrease trend, dropping slowly with the heating temperature up to $150^{\circ}C$ and then rapidly down to $0.869MN/m^{1.5}$ at $450^{\circ}C$ for 4-hour exposure time, $0.812MN/m^{1.5}$ for 8-hour exposure time and $0.771MN/m^{1.5}$ for 16-hour exposure time. In general, the $K_{IC}$ values for the hot concrete up to $200^{\circ}C$ were larger than those for the cold concrete, and an inverse trend was observed thereafter. The increase in heating rate slightly decreased $K_{IC}$, and at $450^{\circ}C$ $K_{IC}$ decreased from $0.893MN/m^{1.5}$ for $1^{\circ}C/min$ to $0.839MN/m^{1.5}$ for $10^{\circ}C/min$ for the hot concrete and from $0.792MN/m^{1.5}$ for $1^{\circ}C/min$ to $0.743MN/m^{1.5}$ for $10^{\circ}C/min$ for the cold concrete after an exposure time of 16 hours. The increase in cooling rate also slightly decreased $K_{IC}$, and at $450^{\circ}C$ $K_{IC}$ decreased from $0.771MN/m^{1.5}$ for slow cooling to $0.739MN/m^{1.5}$ for fast cooling after an exposure time of 16 hours. The fracture energy-based fracture toughness $K_{IC}$' was also assessed, and similar decrease trends with the heating temperature and exposure time existed for both hot and cold concretes. The relationships of two fracture toughness parameters with the weight loss and the modulus of rapture were also evaluated.
Zhang, Binsheng,Cullen, Martin,Kilpatrick, Tony Techno-Press 2014 Advances in concrete construction Vol.2 No.2
In this study, the fracture toughness $K_{IC}$ of high performance concrete (HPC) was determined by conducting three-point bending tests on eighty notched HPC beams of $500mm{\times}100mm{\times}100mm$ at high temperatures up to $450^{\circ}C$ (hot) and in cooled-down states (cold). When the concrete beams exposed to high temperatures for 16 hours, both thermal and hygric equilibriums were generally achieved. $K_{IC}$ for the hot concrete sustained a monotonic decrease tendency with the increasing temperature, with a sudden drop at $105^{\circ}C$. For the cold concrete, $K_{IC}$ sustained a two-stage decrease trend, dropping slowly with the heating temperature up to $150^{\circ}C$ and rapidly thereafter. The fracture energy-based fracture toughness $K_{IC}$' was found to follow similar decrease trends with the heating temperature. The weight loss, the fracture energy and the modulus of rapture were also evaluated.
Chaitanya Sarangapani,Peng Lu,Patrice Behan,Paula Bourke,P.J. Cullen 한국공업화학회 2018 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.59 No.-
In this study an atmospheric air plasma reactor was studied for the degradation of HA and THMs in water. Plasma treatment showed significant breakdown efficacies for HA and THMs. At an applied voltage of 80 kV about 93% of HA and >70% of THMs were degraded after 15 min and 30 min treatment time respectively, with the degradation following a first order kinetic model. Plasma induced reactive species including nitrates and H2O2 were quantified in the treated water. The results of FTIR analysis revealed that the molecular structure of HA was altered by the plasma treatment, with a decrease in aromaticity observed.
A novel reflectance-based aptasensor using gold nanoparticles for the detection of oxytetracycline
Seo, Ho Bin,Kwon, Young Seop,Lee, Ji-eun,Cullen, David,Noh, Hongseok (Moses),Gu, Man Bock The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015 The Analyst Vol.140 No.19
<P>We present a novel reflectance-based colorimetric aptasensor using gold nanoparticles for the detection of oxytetracycline for the first time. It was found that the reflectance-based measurement at two wavelengths (650 and 520 nm) can generate more stable and sensitive signals than absorbance-based sensors to determine the aggregation of AuNPs, even at high AuNP concentrations. One of the most common antibacterial agents, oxytetracycline (OTC), was detected at concentrations as low as 1 nM in both buffer solution and tap water, which was 25-fold more sensitive, compared to the previous absorbance-based colorimetric aptasensors. This reflectance-based colorimetric aptasensor using gold nanoparticles is considered to be a better platform for portable sensing of small molecules using aptamers.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>We present a novel reflectance-based colorimetric aptasensor using gold nanoparticles for the detection of oxytetracycline for the first time. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=c5an00726g'> </P>