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      • Legal Crisis and New Technology in Civil Courts: Urgent Need of Adopting Online Dispute Resolution in India

        Choung,Yonghwan,Kumari,Saloni 대동문화재단 2021 대동CT연구 Vol.1 No.1

        Expeditious settlement of disputes is pre-requisite of free economy, especially in the commercial matters. But pendency and backlog of cases in Indian judiciary has ransacked the working and functioning of nation as a whole. The underprivileged and poor people are the worst victim of this issue. Courtroom Litigation is a lengthy and expensive affair. And the pendency prolongs the cases for years depriving Justice to the needy as well as paralysing the economic activity of the nation. If this issue is not addressed in the near future, it has potential to crash the Indian judicial system under the weight of arrears. The idea of this paper is not to dwell upon the problem. It aims to explore the solutions and optimum methods needed for a reformative measure. Access of justice is a basic human right guaranteed by the common law. The Indian legal system is under constant pressure and questions have been raised as how do they plan to continue the justice delivery system. Thus, there is a need to prioritise the issue of pendency and access to justice to all. Since, a major dependency now lies upon the online and digital mode, the productivity during pandemic and even for future, can be enhanced through improved infrastructure of the online mode of alternative dispute settlement. The pandemic has reshaped how pending cases and future cases will be adjudicated. In light of this, the paper aims to divert the attention towards Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) and specifically Online modes of Dispute resolution and evaluate the efficacy of Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”) mechanisms.

      • "INCOTERMS"에 關한 硏究 : "인터코터옴즈" 1936에서 "인코터음즈" 1953에 로의 改訂作業에 關한 商學的硏究

        洪忠植 同德女子大學校 1975 同大論叢 Vol.5 No.1

        International trade is a business transaction between different countries having different law and customs pertaining to the sales of goods. In practice of foreign trade the fact makes it necessary to come to an agreement between sellers and buyers on the law of what country will be applicable in formulating a sales contract, that is, on the insertion of a "governing law clause" in their contract. Generally both parties of the Contract adopt the law of the p]ace where the contract is to be concluded and executed. However, in case of "F.A.S. " contract tile terms are carried out under the law and customs toms of the exporting country, which may results unexpected effects to importers. Therefore, with a view to eliminate the existing diversity of the interpretation of trade terms such as "F.A.S. " or other terms, the "International Uniform am standard Rules" has been stipulated. These rules have been based upon the greatest common measure of law, customs and Practice relating to foreign trade between exporting and importing countries. While the international laws or treaties have a binding power upon the parties concerned, "Incoterms" stipulated by the International Chamber of Commerce makes it clear that its adoption rests voluntarily on the choice of the contract parties. The rules of Incoterms have been based upon the greatest common measure of practice now current in international trade, in order to obtain the widest possible adoption of them. At the same time, "Incoterms 1936" was used as the starting point of the revision, in order that international traders who are familiar with "Incoterms 1936" may change over to the use of "Incoterms 1953" with the minimum of inconvenience. The words "the greatest common measure" of trade practice expresses the characteristic of "Incoterms", simply. It has universal validity of the greatest common measure to enable the traders of any place, nation to adopt these rules in the practice of international trade. "Incoterms" contains the general rules internationally adaptable, but does not cover every peculiar aspect of each transaction. Therefore, "Incoterms" constitutes a supplementary, anxilliary interpretation to the explicit agreement between the parties concerned. For example, "Incoterms" provides that insurance be covered on "F.P.A. " terms which narrowly restrict the risks insured against, but the parties can extend the coverage to "W.A." or "A.A.R." terms, or can effect an additional insurance "War Risk" by mutual agreement. Each transaction has its peculiarity in practice. Businesses done repeatedly in the same goods with the same trader may differ from the previous ones. There arises a difference according to the time of transaction creating a change of conditions in business performance, and the change of conditions involves different carriers, seasonal perils and risks in marine transportation.

      • TUP 중간언어를 위한 반복적인 자료흐름 분석기 구현에 관한 연구

        김충석,박순동,이강우 新羅大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.36 No.1

        In this study, we designs and implements the iterative data flow analyzer. that operates TUP intermediate programming language. Which produces some informations those are used a number of applications including code optimizations and parallelizations. instruction schedulings. testings, debuggings, certifications. Also we surveys many problems about data flow analysis and applies iterative techniques to solve the problems. Therefore the structure and concept of developed analyzer are very clear and easy. The analyzer computes some static informations about each variable including live range. loop depth. number of def/use, and needness of load/store at entry or exit of basic blocks, etc. The informations are used many optimization phase. especially, register allocation phase, common subexpression elimination phase and loop optimazation. We implements the data flow analyzer as two modules. live range analysis module and variable analysis module. The live range analysis module finds use/def point of each variable to generate live range. And variable analysis module computes loop depth. number of use/def. needness of load/store about each variable. Therefore the optimizating comiler using above informations can translate source program to more improved code. so execution times of improved code are saved than unimproved code. But complie times are increased because the compiler calls the data flow module and optimization module. Unfortunately. we skip the aliasing analyzer which is very important to data flow analysis because that analysis the aliasing relation between variables. And the results can change the many computed information. So, in recent, we are developing the alias processes. And we wish to expand the analyzer which operates on programs with many files. Besides we want to introduce incremental techniques and apply the techniques to the analyzer.

      • VHDL을 利用한 하드웨어 設計 自動環境에서의 中間코드에 關한 硏究

        金忠錫 新羅大學校 1991 論文集 Vol.31 No.1

        In this study, the VHDL Analyzer of IEEE standard VHDL(VHSIC Hardware Description Language) was designed and implemented. It accepts VHDL source program and generates an intermediate code which is shared in many other environments such as CAD-environment, simulator, reverse-analyzer, design-library, etc.. To implement this, the IDL(Interface Description language) which provides us the convenient generation environment was used. The analyzer generates the graph type code as an external VHDL intermediate code for readability like DIANA(Descriptive Intermediate Attributed Notaion for Ada)

      • 여대생의 패션정보탐색에 관한 연구 : 의류전공집단과 비전공집단간 비교

        박정원 건국대학교 1995 대학원 학술논문집 Vol.40 No.-

        The study examined the frequency use of media to search fashion information by the group majoring clothing and textle and the group net majoring among female-undergraduates. Anova,t-test, crosstabs were used to analyze the data. The finding of this study were as follows: 1) The group majoring clothing and textile used media more frequently than the group not majoring all of ordinary times and buying times. 2) Two groups did not differ in their Parent' income. 3) The comparison suggests that manufacturer and retailer can use different souroes of fashion prsmation depending on their targeted population.

      • 표준네트워크보안과 수송계층보안의 구현

        김충석,임채호 新羅大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.34 No.1

        Since the OSI Security Architecture has been introduced by ISO, it gas been one of the most hot issue among the OSI security standard, Secured Data Network System(SDNS). And since it seems the most reseasonable candidate of International Standard, in this paper, SDNS composed of SP2, SP3, SP4, message security protocol and key management protocol, is surveyed and studied. Epecially this paper shows how to implement Security Protocol at layer 4 (SP4) and suggests implementation model. And by this suggested model, several SP4 components like as data confidentiality, integrity checking, pad parameter and direction indicatior are implemented in order to implement SP4 into ISO TPO provided by ISODE-6.0.

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