Legal Crisis and New Technology in Civil Courts: Urgent Need of Adopting Online Dispute Resolution in India

Choung,Yonghwan,Kumari,Saloni 대동문화재단 2021 대동CT연구 Vol.1 No.1

Expeditious settlement of disputes is pre-requisite of free economy, especially in the commercial matters. But pendency and backlog of cases in Indian judiciary has ransacked the working and functioning of nation as a whole. The underprivileged and poor people are the worst victim of this issue. Courtroom Litigation is a lengthy and expensive affair. And the pendency prolongs the cases for years depriving Justice to the needy as well as paralysing the economic activity of the nation. If this issue is not addressed in the near future, it has potential to crash the Indian judicial system under the weight of arrears. The idea of this paper is not to dwell upon the problem. It aims to explore the solutions and optimum methods needed for a reformative measure. Access of justice is a basic human right guaranteed by the common law. The Indian legal system is under constant pressure and questions have been raised as how do they plan to continue the justice delivery system. Thus, there is a need to prioritise the issue of pendency and access to justice to all. Since, a major dependency now lies upon the online and digital mode, the productivity during pandemic and even for future, can be enhanced through improved infrastructure of the online mode of alternative dispute settlement. The pandemic has reshaped how pending cases and future cases will be adjudicated. In light of this, the paper aims to divert the attention towards Alternative Dispute Resolution (“ADR”) and specifically Online modes of Dispute resolution and evaluate the efficacy of Online Dispute Resolution (“ODR”) mechanisms.

The Human Relations Theory

Choung,Woo Il(鄭宇一) 국민대학교 법학연구소 1983 法政論叢 Vol.5 No.1

韓國의 經濟發展과 金融産業의 效率化 方案

林海正,黃廷虎 군산대학교 산업개발연구소 1987 産業開發硏究 Vol.6 No.-

바나나 부산물의 사료화에 관한 연구

정창조,이왕식 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1989 畜産論叢 Vol.4 No.1

제주도 낙농발전을 위한 조사연구 : 젖소 개량 프로그램 정립을 위한 연구 ; (6) New Zealand의 낙농현황과 국제협력 방안

정창조 제주대학교 농과대학 제주도축산문제연구소 1990 畜産論叢 Vol.5 No.1

여대생의 패션정보탐색에 관한 연구 : 의류전공집단과 비전공집단간 비교

박정원 건국대학교 1995 대학원 학술논문집 Vol.40 No.-

The study examined the frequency use of media to search fashion information by the group majoring clothing and textle and the group net majoring among female-undergraduates. Anova,t-test, crosstabs were used to analyze the data. The finding of this study were as follows: 1) The group majoring clothing and textile used media more frequently than the group not majoring all of ordinary times and buying times. 2) Two groups did not differ in their Parent' income. 3) The comparison suggests that manufacturer and retailer can use different souroes of fashion prsmation depending on their targeted population.

VHDL 지원환경에서 상위수준합성을 위한 CDFG생성 시스템의 설계 및 구현

김충석 新羅大學校 1992 論文集 Vol.33 No.1

This paper is on VHDL(Very high speed integrated circuit Hardware Description Language) Support Environment. Focuses on this study are to design and implement the CDFG(Control and Data Flow Graph) generating system for High Level Synthesis. VHDL, was accepted as Standard Hardware Descrip-tion Language system for High Level Synthesis. VHDL, was accepted as Standard Hardware Descrip-tion Language by IEEE(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is used as input language the CDFG generating system. CDFG, generated by this system, is used as an input to High Level Synthesi-zer. Since VHDL syntax is too massive, it can not allow all kinds of syntax, the effort was made to deal with the behaviral description syntax. So far, I am trying to allow the VHDL fullset and extend the system continuously. To implementation, C language is used on UNLX System.

장 주네의 『발코니』에서 사용된 비현실화의 기법

강충권 한국프랑스어문교육학회 2001 프랑스어문교육 Vol.11 No.-

En ge'ne'ral, Le Balcon de Jean Genet a e'te' aborde' par plusieurs critiques on tant que the'e^tre rituel. Dans notre ftude nous avons essaye' do relever les techniques d'$quot;irre'alisation$quot; que Jean Genet a employe'es pour re'aliser une the'atralite' spe'cifique. Nous les avons analyse'es sur trois aspects: jeux do mots, jeux do miroirs, distanciation. Tout d'abord, e'tant ni optimiste ni pessimiste sur le langage, Genet manipule les jeux de mots tout on produisant l'e'quivoque, la destructivite' et la cre'ativite' de ceux-ci. De ce fait, ies mots qui irree'alisent la convention sociale nous re've`lent la re'alite' et invitent a` re^ver de cre'er une nouvelle socie'te'. Puis, ies jeux do miroirs se traduisent par la recherche du moi, laquelle part do la recherche du moi-pour-autrui pour arriver a` la recherche do moi authentique en passant par la multiplication irr e'elle du moi. Enfin, la distanciation conceme. autant les spectateurs que ies personnages, co qui cr e'e non seulement un 'th e'a^tre dans le th e'a^tre un ' th e'a^tre sur le th e'a^tre'. Ainsi, Le Balcon inaugure un ' th e'a^tre sur le th e'a^tre ' qui se de' roule on s'otjectivant. Paradoxalement, co proce'de' s'accomplit on irre'alisant tout autant le the'a^tre que la re'alite', do sorte qu'il trahit non ie riel mais le vrai. Nous voyons ici la spe'cificite' du the'a^tre de Jean Genet par rapport a` celui do Brecht.

검색형 정보시스템의 클라이언트-서버 개발에 관한 연구

김충석 신라대학교 자연과학연구소 1997 自然科學論文集 Vol.3 No.-

In recently, many organ's LAN(Local Area Network) that connected Internet are about to receive a new lease on life and become the invaluable tool it was always meant to be. For many years the payoff for installing and maintaining an internal network has often been elusive. Propretary software and systems often got in the way of those tring to create a powerful communication system for organ's constituent family members. That is Intranet. Intranets are rapidly becoming accepted and used by all organs because they offer the opportunity to use all the advances in telecommunication and presentation being developed for the Internet, and because they prepare constituents to use the Internet. In this study, present new client-server model for develop Intranet application software. The presented model is going down the effort of Intranet software developers.

"INCOTERMS"에 關한 硏究 : "인터코터옴즈" 1936에서 "인코터음즈" 1953에 로의 改訂作業에 關한 商學的硏究

洪忠植 同德女子大學校 1975 同大論叢 Vol.5 No.1

International trade is a business transaction between different countries having different law and customs pertaining to the sales of goods. In practice of foreign trade the fact makes it necessary to come to an agreement between sellers and buyers on the law of what country will be applicable in formulating a sales contract, that is, on the insertion of a "governing law clause" in their contract. Generally both parties of the Contract adopt the law of the p]ace where the contract is to be concluded and executed. However, in case of "F.A.S. " contract tile terms are carried out under the law and customs toms of the exporting country, which may results unexpected effects to importers. Therefore, with a view to eliminate the existing diversity of the interpretation of trade terms such as "F.A.S. " or other terms, the "International Uniform am standard Rules" has been stipulated. These rules have been based upon the greatest common measure of law, customs and Practice relating to foreign trade between exporting and importing countries. While the international laws or treaties have a binding power upon the parties concerned, "Incoterms" stipulated by the International Chamber of Commerce makes it clear that its adoption rests voluntarily on the choice of the contract parties. The rules of Incoterms have been based upon the greatest common measure of practice now current in international trade, in order to obtain the widest possible adoption of them. At the same time, "Incoterms 1936" was used as the starting point of the revision, in order that international traders who are familiar with "Incoterms 1936" may change over to the use of "Incoterms 1953" with the minimum of inconvenience. The words "the greatest common measure" of trade practice expresses the characteristic of "Incoterms", simply. It has universal validity of the greatest common measure to enable the traders of any place, nation to adopt these rules in the practice of international trade. "Incoterms" contains the general rules internationally adaptable, but does not cover every peculiar aspect of each transaction. Therefore, "Incoterms" constitutes a supplementary, anxilliary interpretation to the explicit agreement between the parties concerned. For example, "Incoterms" provides that insurance be covered on "F.P.A. " terms which narrowly restrict the risks insured against, but the parties can extend the coverage to "W.A." or "A.A.R." terms, or can effect an additional insurance "War Risk" by mutual agreement. Each transaction has its peculiarity in practice. Businesses done repeatedly in the same goods with the same trader may differ from the previous ones. There arises a difference according to the time of transaction creating a change of conditions in business performance, and the change of conditions involves different carriers, seasonal perils and risks in marine transportation.