임상시험에서 분석대상군 설정과 자료의 블라인드 검토

임지연 ( Chiyeon Lim ),곽민정 ( Minjung Kwak ) 한국보건정보통계학회 2016 보건정보통계학회지 Vol.41 No.4

Objectives: The balance of confounding factors between treatment groups is supported by intention-to-treat (ITT) principle and this can reduce bias and confounding effects. Therefore clear definition of analysis set and blind review are essential prerequisites to perform statistical analysis. In this paper, we discuss the blind review and analysis set to check carefully the data during a blind review and finalize the statistical analysis set in clinical trials. Methods: The concept of ITT principle and ITT set has been often mixed and misused. Based on ITT principle, the definition of proper analysis sets are required to show the efficacy in statistical analysis. The analysis sets must be determined in blind review for data management and quality control. We review the analysis sets, such as FAS, PPS, and Safety set based on ITT principle and present blind review procedures. Conclusions: The determination of analysis sets through blind review is a very important procedure to reduce bias and to get appropriate result in randomized clinical trial. Blind review can assure the data quality and that is important prerequisites for statistical analysis. Therefore the role of blind review will be emphasized in clinical trial.

상백피(桑白皮) 메탄올 추출물 전처치가 일과성 허혈에 의한 생쥐의 뇌 손상에 미치는 영향

정병우 ( Byung-woo Chung ),임재유 ( Jae-yu Lim ),이세은 ( Se-eun Lee ),이병호 ( Byoungho Lee ),임세현 ( Sehyun Lim ),임지연 ( Chiyeon Lim ),조수인 ( Suin Cho ) 대한본초학회 2017 大韓本草學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

Objectives : Mori Radicis Cortex (MRC), the root epidermis of Morus alba L., has been traditionally used to treat lung-related diseases in Korean Medicine. The common of MRC is Mulberry bark Morus bark, and it`s pharmaceutical properties and taste are known as sweet and cold, and it promotes urination and reduce edema by reducing heat from the lungs and soothe asthma. In the present study, anti-apoptotic mechanism of MRC in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model in mice. Methods : Two-hundred grams of MRC was extracted with methanol at room temperature for 5 days, and this was repeated one time. After filtration, the methanol was removed using vacuum evaporator, then stored at -20℃ until use. C57BL/6 male mice were housed in an environment with controlled humidity, temperature, and light cycle. In order to determine beneficial effects of MRC on ischemia induced brain damage, infarct volume, neurological deficit scores, activities of several apoptosis-related proteins such as caspase-8, -9, Bcl-xL in MCAO-induced brains of mice were analyzed. Mice in MRC-treated groups were orally administered 30, 100, or 300 mg/kg of body weight for three consecutive days before commencing the MCAO procedure. Results : Pre-treatment of MRC significantly reduced infarct volume in MCAO subjected mice applied with 300 ㎎/ ㎏ of MRC methanol extract, and MRC effectively inhibited Bcl-xL reduction and caspase-9 activation caused by MCAO-induced brain damage. Conclusions : MRC showed neuro-protective effects by regulating apoptosis-related protein signals, and it can be a potential candidate for the therapy of ischemia-induced brain damage.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of <i>Brassica oleracea</i> Var. capitata L. (Cabbage) Methanol Extract in Mice with Contact Dermatitis

Lee, Youjung,Kim, Seoyoung,Yang, Beodeul,Lim, Chiyeon,Kim, Jung-Hoon,Kim, Hyungwoo,Cho, Suin Medknow PublicationsMedia Pvt Ltd 2018 Pharmacognosy magazine Vol.14 No.54

<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>Cabbage, <I>Brassica oleracea</I> var. capitata L., is one of the most common vegetables in the world. Because of its high levels of flavonoids and anthocyanins, cabbage has long been used as a herbal medicine. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of cabbage were also recently been reported.</P><P><B>Objective:</B></P><P>This study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of cabbage in mice with contact dermatitis (CD).</P><P><B>Materials and Methods:</B></P><P>We investigated the effects of methanol extract of <I>B. oleracea</I> var. capitata L. (MEBO) on ear swelling, erythema, and histopathological changes in CD mice. Moreover, the effects on cytokine production and the spleen/body weight ratio were investigated.</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Topical treatment with MEBO inhibited ear swelling and erythema significantly. MEBO also significantly inhibited epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of immune cells. Furthermore, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in inflamed tissues were effectively lowered by MEBO. Finally, MEBO did not affect body weight gain or spleen body weight ratio.</P><P><B>Conclusions:</B></P><P>These results indicate that cabbage can be used for the treatment of skin inflammation and that its anti-inflammatory activity is closely related to the inhibition of Th1 skewing reactions.</P><P><B>SUMMARY</B></P><P><P>MEBO inhibited ear thickness, weight, and erythema in inflamed skin</P><P>MEBO also prevented epidermal hyperplasia and infiltration of immune cells</P><P>The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, interleukin-6, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 in inflamed tissues were lowered by MEBO.</P></P> >[FIG OMISSION]</BR><P><B>Abbreviations used:</B> AOO: Acetone and olive oil (4:1), CBA: Cytometric bead array, CD: Contact dermatitis, DEX: Dexamethasone, DNFB: 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene, GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, ICAM-1: Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1, LPS: Lipopolysaccharide, MEBO: Methanol extract of <I>Brassica oleracea</I>, MCP-1: Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, NO: Nitric oxide.</P>

Bone Marrow-derived Side Population Cells are Capable of Functional Cardiomyogenic Differentiation

Yoon, Jihyun,Choi, Seungcheol,Park, Chiyeon,Choi, Jihyun,Kim, Yangin,Shim, Wanjoo,Lim, Dosun Korean Society for Molecular Biology 2008 Molecules and cells Vol.25 No.2

It has been reported that bone marrow (BM)-side population (SP) cells, with hematopoietic stem cell activity, can transdifferentiate into cardiomyocytes and contribute to myocardial repair. However, this has been questioned by recent studies showing that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) adopt a hematopoietic cell lineage in the ischemic myocardium. The present study was designed to investigate whether BM-SP cells can in fact transdifferentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. Phenotypically, BM-SP cells were 19.59%±9.00 CD14+, 8.22%±2.72 CD34+, 92.93%±2.68 CD44+, 91.86%±4.07 CD45+, 28.48%±2.24 c-kit+, 71.09%±3.67 Sca-1+. Expression of endothelial cell markers (CD31, Flk-1, Tie-2 and VEGF-A) was higher in BM-SP cells than whole BM cells. After five days of co-culture with neonatal cardiomyocytes, 7.2%±1.2 of the BM-SP cells expressed sarcomeric α-actinin as measured by flow cytometry. Moreover, BM-SP cells co-cultured on neonatal cardiomyocytes fixed to inhibit cell fusion also expressed sarcomeric α-actinin. The co-cultured BM-SP cells showed neonatal cardiomyocyte-like action potentials of relatively long duration and shallow resting membrane potential. They also generated calcium transients with amplitude and duration similar to those of neonatal cardiomyocytes. These results show that BM-SP cells are capable of functional cardiomyogenic differentiation when co-cultured with neonatal cardiomyocytes.

Neuroprotective effects of Korean White ginseng and Red ginseng in an ischemic stroke mouse model

Myungho Jin,Kyung-Min Kim,Chiyeon Lim,Suin Cho,Young Kyun Kim 고려인삼학회 2022 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.46 No.2

Background: Stroke is a neurological disorder characterized by brain tissue damage following a decrease in oxygen supply to brain due to blocked blood vessels. Reportedly, 80% of all stroke cases are classified as cerebral infarction, and the incidence rate of this condition increases with age. Herein, we compared the efficacies of Korean White ginseng (WG) and Korean Red Ginseng (RG) extracts (WGex and RGex, respectively) in an ischemic stroke mouse model and confirmed the underlying mechanisms of action. Methods: Mice were orally administered WGex or RGex 1 h before middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), for 2 h; the size of the infarct area was measured 24 h after MCAO induction. Then, the neurological deficit score was evaluated and the efficacies of the two extracts were compared. Finally, their mechanisms of action were confirmed with tissue staining and protein quantification. Results: In the MCAO-induced ischemic stroke mouse model, WGex and RGex showed neuroprotective effects in the cortical region, with RGex demonstrating superior efficacy than WGex. Ginsenoside Rg1, a representative indicator substance, was not involved in mediating the effects of WGex and RGex. Conclusion: WGex and RGex could alleviate the brain injury caused by ischemia/reperfusion, with RGex showing a more potent effect. At 1,000 mg/kg body weight, only RGex reduced cerebral infarction and edema, and both anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways were involved in mediating these effects.

<i>Gentiana scabra</i> Bunge roots alleviates skin lesions of contact dermatitis in mice

Yang, Beodeul,Kim, Sura,Kim, Jung-Hoon,Lim, Chiyeon,Kim, Hyungwoo,Cho, Suin Elsevier 2019 Journal of Ethnopharmacology Vol.233 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P><B>Ethnopharmacological relevance</B></P> <P>The roots and rhizomes of <I>Gentiana scabra</I> Bunge in the family Gentianaceae comprise a major herbal medicine for skin diseases caused by wind-heat or dampness-heat in China, Japan and Korea. This treatment can clear away heat and dry dampness and purge fire from the liver and gallbladder.</P> <P><B>Aim of the study</B></P> <P>This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic potential and anti-inflammatory effects of <I>G. scabra</I>, roots and rhizomes.</P> <P><B>Materials and methods</B></P> <P>Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed the presence of gentiopicrin in the roots and rhizomes of <I>G. scabra</I>. We then investigated the effects of ethanol extract of <I>G. scabra</I>, roots and rhizomes (EEGS) on skin lesions and thickness, erythema and melanin index, histopathological abnormalities, and cytokine and chemokine production in mice with contact dermatitis (CD) induced by 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). Moreover, the effects of EEGS on body weights and spleen body weight ratio were evaluated.</P> <P><B>Results</B></P> <P>Topical application of EEGS alleviated skin lesions such as surface roughness, excoriations and scabs on the skin of CD mice, as well as prevented skin enlargement, and lowered the erythema and melanin index. In addition, EEGS prevented hyperkeratosis, epidermal hyperplasia and immune cell infiltration, and inhibited TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 and MCP-1 production in inflamed tissues. EEGS did not affect changes in body weights and spleen body weight ratio in contrast to dexamethasone.</P> <P><B>Conclusions</B></P> <P>These data indicate that the roots and rhizomes of <I>G. scabra</I> can be used as anti-inflammatory agents for CD with relative safety and that its therapeutic mechanisms are related to regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IFN-γ.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>