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The Advantages of 3D-Trees in Modeling Human Sentence Processing
( Charles C Lee ) 한국언어정보학회 1998 국제 워크샵 Vol.1998 No.-
A 3D-Tree is an efficient representation of a set of regular syntactic trees (2D-trees) that have the same tree skeleton but which may have different labels for the nodes. A node of a 3D-tree may have one or more sets of children as well as one or more parent nodes as long as the 2D-trees represented have the same tree skeleton. A 3D-tree is therefore able to efficiently represent the type of ambiguous structures which never seem to cause the Human Sentence Processor (HSP) to garden path. The advantages of 3D-trees over other parallel structures and the computational properties of building, manipulating, and maintaining, 3D-trees are presented in this paper. In addition, when the number and accessibility of 3D-trees are limited by the memory architecture of a parser in order to model certain psycholinguistic phenomena, the parser has the desirable computational properties of linear space requirements for parsing any sentence, and linear time requirements for parsing non-garden path sentences.
Lee, Naeun,You, Sungyong,Shin, Min Sun,Lee, Won-Woo,Kang, Ki Soo,Kim, Sang Hyun,Kim, Wan-Uk,Homer, Robert J,Kang, Min-Jong,Montgomery, Ruth R,Dela Cruz, Charles S,Shaw, Albert C,Lee, Patty J,Chupp, Ge American Lung Association 2014 American journal of respiratory and critical care Vol.190 No.12
<P>Cytokine receptors can be markers defining different T-cell subsets and considered as therapeutic targets. The association of IL-6 and IL-6 receptor 관 (IL-6R관) with asthma was reported, suggesting their involvement in asthma.</P>
Production of D-Xylonic Acid from Hemicellulose Using Artificial Enzyme Complexes
( Charles C. Lee ),( Rena E. Kibblewhite ),( Chad D. Paavola ),( William J. Orts ),( Kurt Wagschal ) 한국미생물 · 생명공학회 2017 Journal of microbiology and biotechnology Vol.27 No.1
Lignocellulosic biomass represents a potentially large resource to supply the world`s fuel and chemical feedstocks. Enzymatic bioconversion of this substrate offers a reliable strategy for accessing this material under mild reaction conditions. Owing to the complex nature of lignocellulose, many different enzymatic activities are required to function in concert to perform efficient transformation. In nature, large multienzyme complexes are known to effectively hydrolyze lignocellulose into constituent monomeric sugars. We created artificial complexes of enzymes, called rosettazymes, in order to hydrolyze glucuronoxylan, a common lignocellulose component, into its cognate sugar D-xylose and then further convert the D-xylose into D-xylonic acid, a Department of Energy top-30 platform chemical. Four different types of enzymes (endoxylanase, α-glucuronidase, β-xylosidase, and xylose dehydrogenase) were incorporated into the artificial complexes. We demonstrated that tethering our enzymes in a complex resulted in significantly more activity (up to 71%) than the same amount of enzymes free in solution. We also determined that varying the enzyme composition affected the level of complex-related activity enhancement as well as overall yield.
Lee, Charles C.,Dudonné,, Sté,phanie,Kim, Jong Hun,Kim, Ji Seung,Dubé,, Pascal,Kim, Jong-Eun,Desjardins, Yves,Park, Jung Han Yoon,Lee, Ki Won,Lee, Chang Yong Applied Science Publishers 2018 Food chemistry Vol.240 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Among many functional foods and their phytochemicals, ingestion of soybean (<I>Glycine max</I>) is highly correlated to reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Validation of potential health benefits of functional foods requires information about the bioavailability and metabolism of bioactive compounds. In this context, several phase I and II metabolites of isoflavones were target-analyzed in the plasma of rats acutely supplemented with soybean embryo extract. A daidzein metabolite, 7,8,4′-trihydroxyisoflavone (7,8,4′-THI), was found to have the highest average area under curve value (574.3±112.8). Therefore, its potential prevention effect on atherosclerosis was investigated using monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion assay. Different from its precursor daidzein or daidzin, 7,8,4′-THI attenuated adhesion of THP-1 monocytes to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In addition, 7,8,4′-THI significantly downregulated TNF-α stimulated the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and phosphorylation of IκB kinase and IκBα involved in the initiation of atherosclerosis in HUVECs. Therefore, 7,8,4′-THI, a highly bioavailable hydroxylated isoflavone metabolite, has potential anti-atherosclerotic effect via inhibiting monocyte-endothelial adhesion.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> 7,8,4′-Trihydroxyisoflavone was found in the rat plasma after soybean intake. </LI> <LI> The highest average AUC of 7,8,4′-THI was 10 times higher than its precursor daidzein. </LI> <LI> 7,8,4′-THI inhibited TNF-α stimulated monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. </LI> </UL> </P>
Lee, Charles C.,Kim, Jong Hun,Kim, Ji Seung,Oh, Yun Sil,Han, Seung Min,Yoon Park, Jung Han,Lee, Ki Won,Lee, Chang Yong MDPI AG 2017 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES Vol.18 No.7
<P>Several metabolomics of polymeric flavan-3-ols have reported that proanthocyanidins are extensively metabolized by gut microbiota. 5-(3′,4′-dihydroxyphenyl)-γ-valerolactone (DHPV) has been reported to be the major microbial metabolite of proanthocyanidins. We demonstrated that DHPV has stronger prevention effect on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-stimulated adhesion of THP-1 human monocytic cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells compared to its potential precursors such as procyanidin A1, A2, B1 and B2, (+)catechin, (−)epicatechin and its microbial metabolites such as 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. Mechanism study showed that DHPV prevents THP-1 monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion by downregulating TNF-α-stimulated expressions of the two biomarkers of atherosclerosis such as vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, activation of nuclear factor kappa B transcription and phosphorylation of I kappa-B kinase and IκBα. We suggested that DHPV has higher potentiality in prevention of atherosclerosis among the proanthocyanidin metabolites.</P>
A Small-Molecule Antagonist of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway
Lee, Jongkook,Wu, Xu,Pasca di Magliano, Marina,Peters, Eric C.,Wang, Yan,Hong, Jiyong,Hebrok, Metthias,Ding, Sheng,Cho, Charles Y.,Schultz, Peter G. Wiley-VCH Verlag 2007 Chembiochem Vol. No.
<B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Shadow the Hedgehog. JK184 (illustrated in the scheme) was identified as an antagonist of Hedgehog signaling through a cell-based screen of chemical libraries. Results from biochemical and cellular experiments suggest that JK184 functions by inhibiting class IV alcohol dehydrogenase. This molecule should serve as a useful tool for studying Hedgehog signaling. <img src='wiley_img/14394227-2007-8-16-CBIC200700403-content.gif' alt='wiley_img/14394227-2007-8-16-CBIC200700403-content'> </P>
Lee, Charles C.,Dudonné,, Sté,phanie,Dubé,, Pascal,Desjardins, Yves,Kim, Jong Hun,Kim, Ji Seung,Kim, Jong-Eun,Park, Jung Han Yoon,Lee, Ki Won,Lee, Chang Yong Elsevier 2017 Food chemistry Vol.234 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Yak-Kong (YK) (<I>Glycine max</I>), a small black soybean cultivar with a green embryo, was evaluated for functional constituents with a focus on atherosclerosis prevention. In comparison to common yellow and black soybean cultivars, YK contains significantly higher concentrations of antioxidants, particularly in its seed coat. A comprehensive phenolic composition analysis revealed that proanthocyanidins were the major phenolic group in YK. In contrast to other proanthocyanidin-rich foods, YK was rich in bioavailable proanthocyanidins (with a degree of polymerization ≤3) specifically with A-type dimers. Significant concentrations of phloridzin and coumestrol were also exclusively found in YK seed coat and the embryo, respectively. Extracts of both the proanthocyanidin-rich seed coat and isoflavonoid-rich embryo of YK attenuated adhesion of THP-1 to LPS-stimulated human umbilical vascular endothelial cells, suggesting that they are important sources of coronary heart disease-preventive phenolics. YK has promising potential for further development as a functional food source targeted at atherosclerosis prevention.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Yak-Kong, a small black soybean with a green embryo, is rich in proanthocyanidins. </LI> <LI> Procyanidin A dimers and phloridzin are newly found in soybean seed coat. </LI> <LI> Significant amount of coumestrol is found in Yak-Kong soybean embryo. </LI> <LI> Both Yak-Kong seed coat and embryo attenuated monocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. </LI> </UL> </P>