http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
ANALOG I . C . WORST CASE SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
Bray, Derek 대한전자공학회 1989 ICVC : International Conference on VLSI and CAD Vol.1 No.1
Worst case analysis Analog Integrated Circuit Design has, at best, been a time consuming task involving high levels of interaction between the design engineer and the simulation tools. A more streamlined, approach has been achieved by combining the power of the Analog Workbench^(TM) advanced simulation tools with a composite model concept. The method proposed allows the designer to use parameters that reflect both process variations and matching tolerances in single device models. By combining these with other parameters, such as supply voltage variations and temperature, and using Parametric Plotting, Sensitivity, and Monte Carlo analysis techniques the designer can then easily see these effects on circuit performance, test limits and yields.
Mark Bray 서울대학교 교육연구소 2014 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.15 No.3
Recent decades have brought global expansion of private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education. Such tutoring consumes considerable resources and is usually viewed by participating households as an investment that will increase the recipients’ academic achievements. However, research on the effectiveness of tutoring has delivered inconclusive and even contradictory findings. Part of the reason lies in definitions and foci of research, since private supplementary tutoring may have many different formats, delivery mechanisms and intensities. As with other types of education, it is important also to investigate the qualities of the instructors and the motivations of the students. This creates a complex research arena, in which practical challenges arise from shortcomings in the instruments for securing data and limitations in methods for analyzing the data. This paper assesses the current state of the literature and makes recommendations for the future research agenda.
Researching shadow education: methodological challenges and directions
Mark Bray 서울대학교 교육연구소 2010 Asia Pacific Education Review Vol.11 No.1
Research on shadow education has considerably increased in volume and has helped to improve understanding of the scale, nature, and implications of the phenomenon. However, the field is still in its infancy. Literature on shadow education reflects confusion over terms and parameters, and data suffer from challenges in securing evidence from actors who may be unwilling or unable to respond to enquiries in a clear manner. Particular care is needed in cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons. Nevertheless, the trajectory of improvement in both conceptualisation and instrumentation gives ground for confidence that shadow education will be progressively better documented and better understood.
프란체스카브래이 ( Francesca Bray ) 경북대학교 영남문화연구원 2011 嶺南學 Vol.0 No.19
모든 테크놀로지를 사물과 활동 그리고 지식과 의미의 네트워크로 간주하는 것이 유용하고 주장하고 싶다. 그러한 네트워크는 달성되어야 할 목표들, 실행되어야 할 과업들, 이들 목적의 달성을 위해 만들어진 인공물들, 그 인공물들의 용도, 그것들이 생산되고 이용가능하게 되는 물질적 과정, 그리고 이들 과정에 동원되는 기술, 지식, 조직 등을 포함한다. 나는 이러한 네트워크의 하나 또는 그 이상의 요소가 역사적 자료 속에서 특별히 현저하게 나타난다면 어떤 기술이 한 사회 내에서 중요한 의미를 가지고 있다는 추정을 해 볼 수 있다고 제안하고 싶다. 그러한 사료는 물질적 유물의 형태, 특정한 묘사나 논쟁에서 명시적인 주제, 또는 핵심적 활동에서 당연한 것으로 받아들여지는 구성물의 형태로 존재하는데, 이들은 흔히 ``행간`` 또는 ``결을 거슬러서``(against the grain) 의미를 읽어내는 작업을 필요로 한다. 마지막의 이 명백하게 반직관적인 논지에 대한 설명으로서 익숙하지 않은 문화와 조우했을 때에야 비로소 자신들의 정체성에 대해 얼마나 중요한 의미를 가지는가를 알게 된다는 점을 들 수 있다. I would say that it helps to think of any technology as a network of objects, activities, knowledge and meaning. The network thus comprises: goals to be met; tasks to be done; artefacts made for these purposes; the uses (material, social or symbolic) to which the artefacts are put; the material processes by which they are produced and made available; and the skills, knowledge and organization mobilized in these processes. I would suggest that we may assume that a technology was significant within a society if one or more elements in this network are highly visible in the historical record, whether as: material remains; explicit subjects of description or debate; or taken-for-granted components of key activities (often requiring a reading ``between the lines`` or ``against the grain``). As an illustration of this apparently counter-intuitive last point, modern Californians are most likely to recognize how important their toilet habits are to their identity only when they encounter unfamiliar bathroom arrangements on a trip abroad.