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Applications of Organic Fungicides Reduce Photosynthesis and Fruit Quality of Apple Trees
Bhusal, Narayan,Kwon, Jun Hyung,Han, Su-Gon,Yoon, Tae-Myung Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.5
Two different pest control programs were applied on 8-year-old 'Ryoka'/M.26 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Lime sulfur or Bordeaux mixture with emulsified oil were applied 12 times from late March to mid-September as organic treatment, and synthetic chemicals were 7 times applied as control treatment. Over the entire apple-growing season, photosynthesis rates of apple trees were significantly lower in the organic treatment than in the control, and this photosynthetic differences were larger in July and August. Photosynthesis-related parameters such as stomatal conductance and transpiration behaved similarly to photosynthesis. The leaf area in the organic treatment was significantly smaller ($24.7cm^2$) than that in the control treatment ($30.7cm^2$). Organic leaves contained significantly less Chl. a ($15.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$) than did control leaves ($17.6mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$). Fruit yield per tree was significantly lower in the organic treatment (18.8 kg) than in the control (24.5 kg), because organic fruits experienced a higher rate of disease infection such as white rot (Botryosphaeria dothidae) and bitter rot (Glomerella cingulata) than did control fruits. Organic fruits had high flesh firmness but less color development (lower Hunter's a values). In this experiment, the pest control program with frequent applications of organic fungicides showed negative effects on photosynthesis and disease infection on leaves and fruits, and thus reduce the fruit quality and yield in 'Ryoka'/M.26 apple trees.
Factors Associated With Stillbirth Among Pregnant Women in Nepal
Bhusal, Mahesh,Gautam, Nirmal,Lim, Apiradee,Tongkumchum, Phattrawan The Korean Society for Preventive Medicine 2019 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.52 No.3
Objectives: Stillbirth is a common adverse pregnancy outcome that represents a distressing and traumatic event for women and their partners. The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with stillbirth in ever-pregnant women in Nepal. Methods: This study utilized the individual women's dataset from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, conducted in 2016. The dependent variable of interest was whether women had at least 1 stillbirth during their lifetime. The associations between independent variables and the dependent variable of the study were analyzed using a multiple logistic regression model. Results: Among 8918 ever-pregnant women aged 15-49 years, 488 had experienced at least 1 stillbirth during their lifetime, representing 5.5% of the total. After adjusting each factor for the confounding effects of other factors, maternal age, maternal education, place of residence, and sub-region remained significantly associated with having experienced stillbirth. Conclusions: Stillbirth continues to be a major problem among women, especially those with higher maternal age, those who are illiterate, and residents of certain geographical regions. To minimize stillbirth in Nepal, plans and policies should be focused on women with low education levels and residents of rural areas, especially in the western mountain and far-western hill regions.
Evaluation of chemical attractants on Frankliniella intonsa (Thysanoptera: Thripididae)
Bikash Bhusal,Yong Jun Yu,Un Taek Lim 한국응용곤충학회 2017 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2017 No.04
Frankliniella intonsa (Trybom) (Thysanoptera: Thripididae) is an important pest of field and greenhouse crops such as pepper and strawberry. Chemical attractants are commonly used for monitoring thrips, but few are available for F. intonsa. Thus, we evaluated three attractants of Frankliniella occidentalis known from literatures for their attraction of F. intonsa in Y-tube olfactometer. Fed unmated adult females of F. intonsa showed higher initial response to (S)-(−)-verbenone than other attractants, i.e. aggregation pheromone of F. occidentalis and methyl isonicotinate. Unfed mated adult females of F. intonsa showed similar initial response. These results suggest that (S)-(−)-verbenone also can be used for monitoring and further in behavioral control tactics of F. intonsa.
Summer Pruning and Reflective Film Enhance Fruit Quality in Excessively Tall Spindle Apple Trees
Narayan Bhusal,윤태명,한수곤 한국원예학회 2017 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.58 No.6
Tall spindle planting systems achieve high-quality fruit from plants that flower early and sustain a highyield. While some growers in Korea let apple trees grow up to 4 m or higher in high-density planting systems withM.9 rootstock to produce more fruits, such practices lead to very tall trees with low-quality fruit that develop in thelower canopy. To minimize this effect, we used the ‘Hongro’ cultivar to examine the effect summer pruning andinstallation of reflective film had on fruit size and quality in the lower canopy. We measured light distribution,diameter of flower buds, fruit quality, and leaf physiological characteristics at different parts of the canopy of treesthat were treated with summer pruning (SP) and the installation of reflective film (RF), compared to those allowed tomaintain their dense canopies (unpruned control; UC). The SP + RF treatment improved the overall light availabilitythroughout the canopy and increased the amount of light by approximately 25% in the lower parts of the canopycompared to that in the UC group. The SP + RF treatment increased size, color, and soluble solids content in fruitsfrom the lower parts of the canopy. Moreover, this treatment increased leaf photosynthetic activity, specific leafweight, and flower bud diameter. Therefore, summer pruning and the installation of reflective film helps lightpenetration in excessively tall spindle trees and improves fruit quality in a high-density apple production system.
Bikash Bhusal,Md. Arefur Rahman,Un Taek Lim 한국응용곤충학회 2018 한국응용곤충학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2018 No.04
Orius spp. (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) prey on small arthropods such as aphids, thrips, whitefly, and mites both in greenhouse and field. Use of chemical attractants to natural enemies can improve the efficacy of biological control through push-pull strategy. We compared attractiveness of three synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), i.e., nonanal, methyl anthranilate, and methyl salicylate for thrips natural enemies, O. laevigatus (Fieber) and O. minutus (L.), in Y-tube olfactometer. Mated unfed adult females of O. laevigatus showed higher choice rate to methyl anthranilate or methyl salicylate than nonanal. Orius minutus showed higher choice rate to methyl anthranilate than methyl salicylate or nonanal. These results suggest that, among the three HIPVs, methyl anthranilate can be used for the attractant of both O. laevigatus and O. minutus.