Changes in Fruit Physicochemical Characteristics by Fruit Clusters in June-bearing Strawberry Cultivars

Kim, Sung-Kyeom,Bae, Ro-Na,Na, Hae-Young,Song, Jeong-Hwa,Kang, Ho-Jong,Chun, Chang-Hoo Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2012 원예과학기술지 Vol.30 No.4

Three Korean-bred strawberry cultivars 'Maehyang', 'Seolhyang', and 'Keumhyang', and a Japanese cultivar 'Tochiotome' were grown in a greenhouse and their physicochemical characteristics were investigated. Fruit weight of 'Seolhyang' and 'Keumhyang' in the first and second fruit clusters were greater than those of other cultivars and that of 'Tochiotome' was the greatest in the fifth fruit cluster. Fruit firmness generally decreased at later fruit clusters, and was the lowest in 'Seolhyang'. The sugars/organic acids ratios in the first and third fruit clusters of 'Maehyang' were 4.9 and 8.0, respectively, representing the highest values among all cultivars. The ascorbic acid content was the greatest in the second fruit cluster for 'Seolhyang', 'Keumhyang', and 'Tochiotome' cultivars and that of 'Maehyang' was the greatest at the third fruit cluster. The anthocyanin content was higher in later fruit clusters and was the highest in 'Keumhyang' overall. Results indicate that Korean cultivars bred for the plastic protected culture, which are intended for very early harvest, showed more desirable physical characteristics in the first and second fruit clusters, while the content of anthocyanin was greater in the fruits from later fruit clusters.

Horticultural Activity Interventions and Outcomes: A Review

Park, Sin-Ae,Lee, A-Young,Lee, Geung-Joo,Kim, Dae-Sik,Kim, Wan Soon,Shoemaker, Candice A.,Son, Ki-Cheol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.4

The objective of the present study was to review the current research about the outcomes of horticultural activity interventions in order to determine research trends and analyze the characteristics of horticultural activity interventions. We reviewed the literature using search engines such as the Web of Science, Proquest Dissertation and Theses, Academic Search Premier, Research Information sharing Service, and Korean National Assembly Digital Library to locate journal articles that include relevant search terms (e.g., gardening activity, gardening program, allotment garden, urban agriculture, horticultural therapy, and horticultural activity). We initially identified 14,414 journal articles that were published before April 2014 and selected 509 of the papers for review. We found that studies investigating treating children and adults 8 to 64 years old were the most common, and horticultural activities such as gardening outdoors, planting indoors, making crafts with live plants, arranging flowers, making crafts with artificial or pressed flowers, and other activities were usually combined. Short/medium term (11 to 20 sessions) horticultural activity programs were the most frequent, and most interventions were of medium duration (> 60 min to 120 min). Most of the studies focused on the psychological or emotional effects of horticultural intervention, such as its effects on emotional intelligence, self-esteem, stress, and depression. Further studies are needed to analyze the research methodology, specific outcomes, and strengths or weaknesses of studies investigating horticultural activity interventions.

Kinematic and Kinetic Analysis of Upper Limb Motions During Horticultural Activities

Lee, A-Young,Park, Sin-Ae,Kim, Jai-Jeong,So, Jae-Moo,Son, Ki-Cheol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2016 원예과학기술지 Vol.34 No.6

The objective of this study was to analyze the kinematic and kinetic characteristics of two horticultural activities: seed sowing and planting plant. Thirty-one male university students (aged $26.2{\pm}2.0years$) participated in this study. Kinematic factors (movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns) were assessed using a three-dimensional motion analysis system while the subjects performed the horticultural activities. Kinetic factors (muscle activation of eight upper-limb muscles: the anterior deltoid, serratus anterior, upper trapezius, infraspinatus, latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and flexor carpi radialis) were assessed using surface electromyography. The acts of seed sowing and planting plant were comprised of five tasks which included six types of phases: reaching, grasping, back transporting, forward transporting, watering, and releasing. The movement times, peak velocity, joint angles, and grasp patterns were significantly different across the tasks involved in the horticultural activities. All eight muscles of the upper limbs were utilized during the horticultural activities, and the muscle activation of the serratus anterior was the highest compared to that of the other muscles tested. The kinematic and kinetic characteristics of these horticultural activities showed similar characteristics to reaching and grasping rehabilitation training and daily living activities. The present study provides reference data for common horticultural activities using a kinematic and kinetic analysis.

A Comparison of Exercise Intensity between Two Horticultural and Four Common Physical Activities among Male Adults in Their 20s

Park, Sin-Ae,Lee, A-Young,Lee, Ho-Sang,Lee, Kwan-Suk,Son, Ki-Cheol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2015 원예과학기술지 Vol.33 No.1

This study aimed to identify the exercise intensity associated with four common physical activities for adults (running, skipping rope, walking, and muscle strength exercises) and two horticultural activities (creating a vegetable bed and garden maintenance). For this experiment, 19 males (mean age: $25.8{\pm}2.3$ years) randomly participated in the activities at a glasshouse at Konkuk University. Each of the six activities lasted for 5 minutes; the subjects rested for 5 minutes during intervals between the activities. A portable metabolic analyzer was used to store the oxygen and energy consumption values obtained upon measurement of each activity. In addition, a wireless heart rate monitor was used to measure the subjects' heart rate. According to the results, the four types of physical activities and two horticultural activities carried out by the subjects are moderate- to high-intensity activities [i.e., $3.8{\pm}0.9$ to $9.9{\pm}2.1$ metabolic equivalents (METs)]. Running ($9.9{\pm}2.1$ METs) and skipping rope ($8.8{\pm}2.2$ METs) were categorized as high-intensity physical activities, whereas creating a vegetable bed ($5.0{\pm}1.2$ METs), walking ($4.9{\pm}0.8$ METs), muscle strength exercises ($4.5{\pm}1.3$ METs), and garden maintenance ($3.8{\pm}0.9$ METs) were classified as moderate-intensity physical activities. The exercise intensities of horticultural activities in this study were similar to those of walking and muscle strength exercises. Therefore, participating in these horticultural activities is expected to garner health benefits similar to those reaped from the physical activities described in the current study.

'Skinny Green', a Novel Hairless Green-fleshed Baby Kiwifruit

곽용범,최학순,채원병,정명일,Kwack, Yong-Bum,Choi, Hak-Soon,Chae, Won-Byoung,Jeong, Myeong-Il Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2010 원예과학기술지 Vol.28 No.4

'스키니그린'은 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서 육성된 세번째 털 없는 미니 참다래 품종이다. 교배모본은 한국에서 수집된 야생 다래($Actinidia$ $arguta$)와 수품종 토무리($A.$ $deliciosa$) 사이의 교잡에서 선발된 중간계통인 KN8903이며, 부본은 한국의 산에서 수집된 야생 다래($A.$ $arguta$)이다. 이 품종의 주요 특징은 과중이 19.3g으로 한 입에 먹을 수 있는 과실크기와 과피에 털이 없고 얇아 껍질째 먹을 수 있다는 것이다. 과육의 색은 녹색이며, 당도와 산함량은 각각 $16.7^{\circ}Brix$와 0.91%이다. 수확은 주로 10월 중순에 이루어지며, 자가결실성이 없는 품종으로 정상적인 착과를 위해서는 인공수분이 필요하다. 또한 풍산성으로 적절한 적과 작업이 필요하다. 'Skinny Green' is the third hairless-variety release by National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science (NIHHS) of Rural Development Administration (RDA) in Korea. It was bred by field crossing using the KN8903 as the mother plant, which had been selected from the crossbreeding of a Korean wild germplasm of tara vine with a male $Actinidia$ $deliciosa$ cv. Tomuri, and tara vine as the father plant collected from Korean mountains. The principal features of the final release are firstly, the fruit size not bigger than a mouthful bite with the average fruit weight not more than 19.3 g, and secondly, the thin and hairless edible fruit skin. It has green flesh color maintaining soluble solids and acid contents about $16.7^{\circ}Brix$ and 0.91% respectively. Its harvest season is usually in mid October. As it is not self-fertile it needs artificial pollination. Its tendency to produce maximum numbers of fruit requires thinning out of the fruits in a proper way.

Distribution of S-alleles among Korean Apples by PCR and Cross-pollination

Heo, Seong,Kwon, Soon-Il,Hwang, Jeong-Hwan,Shin, Yong-Uk,Kim, Mok-Jong,Park, Bong Ju,Oh, Sung-Il,Oh, Young-Jae,Kim, Daeil Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2012 원예과학기술지 Vol.30 No.6

To acquaint correct information about the fertilizability and analyze S-allele based genetic diversity among Korean apples, we investigated self-incompatibility genotypes by PCR and cross-pollination tests in field. As a consequence, S-genotypes of Korean apples were distributed within narrow genetic diversity as $S_1S_3$ for 'Hongro' and 'Saenara'; $S_1S_9$ for 'Gamhong' and 'Manbok'; $S_3S_5$ for 'Seokwang'; $S_3S_9$ for 'Sunhong', 'Seohong', 'Chukwang', and 'Hwahong'. Coupled with cross-pollination experiments in field, our results provide support for the view that apples are fully compatible when both of their S-loci differ and semi-compatible when they carry one different and one identical S-locus. Furthermore, the results of this study indicate that S-alleles have to be extended to various genotypes for Korean apple breeding.

Assessment of Chilling Injury and Molecular Marker Analysis in Cucumber Cultivars (Cucumis sativus L.)

Ali, Asjad,Yang, Eun Mi,Bang, Sun Woong,Chung, Sang-Min,Staub, Jack E. Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2014 원예과학기술지 Vol.32 No.2

The responses to chilling temperature of 12 Korean cucumber varieties was compared to those of two U.S.A. (previously determined cold tolerant NC76 and 'Chipper'), and Chinese and Japanese germplasms. Seedlings of each entry were exposed to $4^{\circ}C$ (Experiment 1) and $1^{\circ}C$ (Experiments 2 and 3) at the first-true leaf stage for eight and nine hours, respectively, under 80% relative humidity (RH) and $149{\mu}moles{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). The chilling response [damage rating (DR)] of each accession was based on visual ratings (1 to 5) after treatment, where 1 = no damage, 2 = slight, 3 = moderate, 4 = advanced, and 5 = severe damage. Predictably the cumulative average DR of chilling tolerant line NC76 and 'Chipper' after chilling w as 1 and 1.1, respectively. Korean 'Nacdongchungjang' was most sensitive to chilling temperatures [DR = 2.3] when compared to the other entries examined. The sensitivity to chilling of 'Nacdongchungjang' was followed by Chinese 'Dongguan' [DR = 1.7]. In contrast, 'Saeronchungjang' (DR = 1) and 'Janghyungnachap' (DR = 1) were the most chilling tolerant of the Korean accessions examined and equivalent to the response of line NC76 and 'Chipper'. Nevertheless, chloroplast type genotyping of these accessions with known chilling-linked sdCAPS genomic markers revealed genotypic differences between chilling tolerant lines (NC76 and 'Chipper') and all Korean lines examined.

들잔디 5-Enolpyruvyl Shikimate 3-Phosphate Synthase(EPSPS) 유전자 클로닝 및 특성

이혜정,이긍주,김동섭,김진백,구자형,강시용,Lee, Hye-Jung,Lee, Geung-Joo,Kim, Dong-Sub,Kim, Jin-Beak,Ku, Ja-Hyeong,Kang, Si-Yong Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2010 원예과학기술지 Vol.28 No.4

본 연구에서는 들잔디와 돌연변이체에서 Glyphosate 내성 관련 유전자인 EPSPS를 코딩하는 cDNA를 분리하여, 시퀸스 비교분석과 발현 양상 차이 등에 관하여 조사하였다. 5'/3' RACE를 통하여 밝혀진 EPSPS의 cDNA는 각각 1176bp의 open reading frame으로 이루어져 있으며 391개의 아미노산을 코딩하고 있었다. 이는 보고된 다른 EPSPS 유전자들과 높은 유사성을 가지고 있다. Genomic southern 결과 들잔디 내에 EPSPS 유전자는 단일copy로 존재하였다. Wild type과 제초제 내성 변이체의 EPSPS 유전자는 6개의 아미노산 시퀀스의 차이를 보였으며 기존에 보고된 EPSPS active site에서 시퀀스의 차이를 나타냈다. 한편 glyphosate의 독성기작의 하나인 EPSPS 효소활성 저해 작용을 알아본 결과, 내성 개체에서 높은(1.5배 이상) EPSPS 활성을 확인할 수 있었다. Northern 분석과 RT-PCR로 제초제 처리 시간에 따른 EPSPS의 발현량을 살펴본 결과, 제초제 처리 후 시간이 경과할수록 발현량이 증가하다가 7일 이후에는 감소하였고, wild type에 비해 glyphosate 내성 선발개체에서 전체적인 발현량이 높음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과 선발된 glyphosate 내성 돌연변이체는 높은 EPSPS 효소활성 증가 및 EPSPS active site의 아미노산 시퀀스 변화를 통해 원할하고 지속적인 방향족 아미노산의 합성이 가능한 것으로 보여졌다. 본 실험을 통해 얻어진 glyphosate 내성 잔디 돌연변이체와 방법은 앞으로 유용한 제초제 저항성 돌연변이 품종개발 연구에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. This study is the first comprehensive report on the molecular cloning, structural characterization, sequence comparison between wild and mutant types, copy number in the genome, expression features and activities of a gene encoding 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) in Korean lawn grass ($Zoysia$ $japonica$). The full length cDNA of the EPSPS from Korean lawn grass ($zj$EPSPS) obtained from a 3' and 5' RACE method was 1540 bp, containing a 1176 bp ORF, a 144 bp leader sequence (5' UTR) and a 220 bp 3' UTR, which was eventually decoded 391 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 41.74 kDa. The Southern blot detection of the $zj$EPSPS showed that the gene exists as a single copy in the Korean lawn grass genome. Sequence comparison of the $zj$EPSPS gene demonstrated that the glyphosate-tolerant mutant (GT) having a Pro-53 to Ser substitution in the gene seems to have a preferred binding activity of the enzyme to phosphoenol pyruvate(PEP) over glyphosate, which allows the continuous synthesis of aromatic amino acids in the shikimate pathway. From the Northern blotting analysis, the $zj$EPSPS was found to be highly expressed, with continuous increase until 36 hours after 0.5% glyphosate treatment in both wild and mutant samples, but 1.5-fold higher EPSP synthase activity was observed in the tolerant mutant when exposed to the glyphosate treatment. The molecular information of the $zj$EPSPS gene obtained from this study needs to be further dissected to be more effectively applied to the development of gene-specific DNA markers and zoysiagrass cultivars; nevertheless, the glyphosate-tolerant mutant having the featured $zj$EPSPS gene can be provided to turfgrass managers for weed problems with timely adoptable management options.

1-MCP Improves Postharvest Quality of Begonia × hiemalis

Yoon Jin Kim,Song Kwon,Ki Sun Kim Korean Society For Horticultural Science 2007 원예과학기술지 Vol.24 No.suppl1

Occurrence of Poinsettia Stem Flat Disease Caused by Phytoplasma in Korea

Bong Nam Chung,Gug Sun Choi,Jeom Deog Cho,In Sook Cho Korean Society For Horticultural Science 2010 원예과학기술지 Vol.28 No.suppl1