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Skeletal structure of asymmetric mandibular prognathism and retrognathism
Tong Xi,Shankeeth Vinayahalingam,Stefaan Bergé,Thomas Maal,Tae-Geon Kwon 대한악안면성형재건외과학회 2023 Maxillofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery Vol.45 No.-
Background This study aimed to compare the skeletal structures between mandibular prognathism and retrognathism among patients with facial asymmetry. Results Patients who had mandibular asymmetry with retrognathism (Group A) in The Netherlands were compared with those with deviated mandibular prognathism (Group B) in Korea. All the data were obtained from 3D-reformatted cone-beam computed tomography images from each institute. The right and left condylar heads were located more posteriorly, inferiorly, and medially in Group B than in Group A. The deviated side of Group A and the contralateral side of Group B showed similar condylar width and height, ramus-proper height, and ramus height. Interestingly, there were no inter-group differences in the ramus-proper heights. Asymmetric mandibular body length was the most significantly correlated with chin asymmetry in retrognathic asymmetry patients whereas asymmetric elongation of condylar process was the most important factor for chin asymmetry in deviated mandibular prognathism. Conclusion Considering the 3D positional difference of gonion and large individual variations of frontal ramal inclination, significant structural deformation in deviated mandibular prognathism need to be considered in asymmetric prognathism patients. Therefore, Individually planned surgical procedures that also correct the malpositioning of the mandibular ramus are recommended especially in patients with asymmetric prognathism.
Synaptic and neuromorphic functions: general discussion
Berg, Alexandra I.,Brivio, Stefano,Brown, Simon,Burr, Geoffrey,Deswal, Sweety,Deuermeier, Jonas,Gale, Ella,Hwang, Hyunsang,Ielmini, Daniele,Indiveri, Giacomo,Kenyon, Anthony J.,Kiazadeh, Asal,Kö,y The Royal Society of Chemistry 2019 Faraday discussions Vol.213 No.-
Tariffs and Quotas in an Endogenous Policy Model : Are Tariffs Still Better than Quotas?
Berg, Hendrik van den 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1995 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.10 No.1
Conventional models of international trade show that if foreign trade must be restricted, tariffs can accomplish the task at a lower welfare cost than "equivalent" quotas. But both the choice of trade restriction and the level of protection are the result of endogenous economic and political forces. Precisely because welfare effects differ, "equivalent" tariffs and quotas are not "politically-equivalent." Therefore, tariffs and quotas should be compared using an endogenous policy model. Simmulation of the model verifies that prohibiting quotas while permitting tariffs could actually lower welfare, thus bringing into question the generality of policy prescriptions based on conventional trade models.
Trade as the Engine of Growth in Asia : What the Econometric Evidence Reveals
Berg, Hendrik van den 세종대학교 국제경제연구소 1996 Journal of Economic Integration Vol.11 No.4
The relationship between international trade and economic growth has been statistically tested in numerous studies. Statistical problems such as omitted variables, simultaneity, measurement errors, and nonstationarity may have been responsible for the "mixed" results of these studies. This paper addresses the shortcomings of previous econometric studies and focuses on the problem of simultaneity by comparing the results of single and simultaneous equations regression models. Modern time series methods are applied to data from ten Asian economies. Either exports or imports, or both, are shown to be related to GDP growth in the majority of Asian countries examined, but not all. The countries for which trade was not related to economic growth were India and Pakistan, two of the most "inward-oriented" economies, according to a World Bank classification of countries' trade orientations. But, the trade-growth connection was statistically confirmed for eight different Asian countries, not just for the "strongly outward-oriented" Asian tigers. This robustness of the trade-growth relationship should be encouraging to those policymakers throughout Asia who are choosing to let international trade play a more prominent role in their economies.(JEL Classification: F14, F43, O53, C3)