http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
Resolving the long-standing enigmas of a giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus mirificus
Lee, Yuong-Nam,Barsbold, Rinchen,Currie, Philip J.,Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu,Lee, Hang-Jae,Godefroit, Pascal,Escuillié,, Franç,ois,Chinzorig, Tsogtbaatar Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2014 Nature Vol.515 No.7526
The holotype of Deinocheirus mirificus was collected by the 1965 Polish–Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition at Altan Uul III in the southern Gobi of Mongolia. Because the holotype consists mostly of giant forelimbs (2.4 m in length) with scapulocoracoids, for almost 50 years Deinocheirus has remained one of the most mysterious dinosaurs. The mosaic of ornithomimosaur and non-ornithomimosaur characters in the holotype has made it difficult to resolve the phylogenetic status of Deinocheirus. Here we describe two new specimens of Deinocheirus that were discovered in the Nemegt Formation of Altan Uul IV in 2006 and Bugiin Tsav in 2009. The Bugiin Tsav specimen (MPC-D 100/127) includes a left forelimb clearly identifiable as Deinocheirus and is 6% longer than the holotype. The Altan Uul IV specimen (MPC-D 100/128) is approximately 74% the size of MPC-D 100/127. Cladistic analysis indicates that Deinocheirus is the largest member of the Ornithomimosauria; however, it has many unique skeletal features unknown in other ornithomimosaurs, indicating that Deinocheirus was a heavily built, non-cursorial animal with an elongate snout, a deep jaw, tall neural spines, a pygostyle, a U-shaped furcula, an expanded pelvis for strong muscle attachments, a relatively short hind limb and broad-tipped pedal unguals. Ecomorphological features in the skull, more than a thousand gastroliths, and stomach contents (fish remains) suggest that Deinocheirus was a megaomnivore that lived in mesic environments.
ORNITHOMIMIDS FROM THE NEMEGT FORMATION OF MONGOLIA
Yoshitsugu Kobayashi,Rinchen Barsbold 한국고생물학회 2006 고생물학회지 Vol.22 No.1
이 연구에서 몽골의 Nemegt층 (Maastrichtian)에서 산출된 두 ornithomimids (Gallimimus bullatus와 Anserimimus, planinychus), 그리고 잘 밝혀지지 않은 ornithomimid (Deinocheirus mirificus)를 재검토하였다. Gallimimus bullatus는 가장 잘 알려진 ornithomimids 중 한 종이지만 그 특징의 정의는 개정할 필요가 있다. Gallimimus bullatus의 앞발과 상박골 길이의 비율은 0.61이다. 이 수치는 ornithomimosaurs (평균 0.8 이상) 중에서 가장 작으며 이전 연구에서 제안된 것처럼 Gallimimus bullatus를 정의하는 좋은 특징이다. Anserimimus planinychus는 상박골의 deltopectoral crest가 크게 발달해 있고 긴 앞발과 위아래로 납작하고 거의 똑바른 앞발가락들을 갖고 있다. Anserimimus planinychus는 두 가지 특징 (biceps tubercle의 위치와 glenoid의 방향)을 Gallimimus bullatus와 공유하며 Harpymimus okladnikovi (원시적인 ornithomimosaur)처럼 긴 metacarpal Ⅲ를 갖고 있다. Deinocheirus mirificus는 발견 당시부터 그것의 계통발생학적 위치는 수수께끼였다. 금번 연구에서 이전에 연구되었던 수각류에 대한 3개의 커다란 데이터 조합에 기초해 계통발생학적 기초 분석이 시도되었다. 데이터 중 2개는 Deinocheirus mirificus가 ornithomimosaur에 속한 것으로 나타나는데 이는 이 종이 ornithomimosaur 같은 특징들 (즉, 거의 길이가 같은 완골과 두드러지지 않은 상박골의 deltopectoral crest)을 갖고 있지만 Deinocheirus mirificus는 계통발생학으로 ornithomimosaur로 확정할 수는 없다. 왜냐하면 다른 특징을 사용한 분석 결과는 이 종이 Ornithomimosauria와는 상관관계가 없게 나타나기 때문이다. Two ornithornimids (Gallimimus bullatus and Anserimimus planinychus) and an enigmatic omithomimid (Deinocheirus mirificus) from the Nemegt Formation (Maastrichtian) of Mongolia are reviewed in this study. Gallimimus bullatus is one of the best-known ornithomimids, but its diagnoses need to be revised. The length ratio of the manus/humerus in Gallimimus bullatusis 0.61. This is the smallest value in ornithomimosaurs (approximately 0.8 or more in other ornithomimosaurs) and may be a good character to diagnose Gallimimus bullatus as suggested by previous studies. Anserimimus planinychus is a unique ornithomimosaur in having strong deltopectoral crest of the humerus, dorsoventrally flat and nearly straight manual unguals, and long forelimbs. Anserimimus planinychus shares two characters (position of the biceps tubercle and alignment of the glenoid) with Gallimimus bullatus and has a long metacarpal I as in Ornithomimus edmontonicus (derived ornithomimosaur) and a long metacarpal Ⅲ as in Harpymimus okladnikovi (primitive ornithomimosaur). The phylogenetic position of Deinocheirus mirificus has been problematic since its discovery. Preliminary phylogenetic analyses are tested in this study based on three large data matrices of Theropoda from previous studies. In two of the data matrices results indicate that Deinocheirus mirificus is a possible ornithomimosaur because it has some ornithomimosaur-like features (e.g., subequal metacarpals and weak deltopectoral crest of humerus), but the phylognetic status of Deinocheirus mirificus as an ornithomimosaurs is not confirmed because results using the other character matrix placed this taxon outside of the clade Ornithomimosauria.
Impact of Macroeconomic variables on the Stock Price - Mongolian Stock Exchange
L.Gunjargal,D.Barsbold 대한경영교육학회 2017 경영교육저널 Vol.28 No.1
A stock share is a financial instrument which gives the shareholder the right to receive dividends, to vote and to exercise other rights and responsibilities stated in relevant laws. In addition, a stock contains key financial information. This research paper aims to study how macro-economic factors impact the value of stocks included in the Mongolia Stock Exchange TOP 20. The linear regression model of the Least squares method is applied in this research, and the critical values of variables are estimated using an augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test.
LÜ,, JUNCHANG,AZUMA, YOICHI,DONG, ZHIMING,BARSBOLD, RINCHEN,KOBAYASHI, YOSHITSUGU,LEE, YUONG-NAM Cambridge University Press 2009 Geological magazine Vol.146 No.5
<B>Abstract</B><P>New material of dsungaripterid pterosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Tatal, western Mongolia, allows the diagnoses of Dsungaripteridae and<I>Noripterus</I>to be amended. All pterosaurs found at Tatal belong to Dsungaripteridae (either<I>Dsungaripterus</I>or<I>Noripterus</I>). The name<I>Phobetor</I>is a junior synonym of<I>Noripterus</I>. The differing shapes of the anterior tips of skulls, differing tooth morphologies and the coexistence of both<I>Dsungaripterus</I>and<I>Noripterus</I>may imply that they occupied distinct ecological niches.</P>
A Complex Search Technique for Solving the Quadratic Assignment Problem
Ider Tseveendorj,Catherine Roucairol,Bazarragchaa Barsbold,Enkhbat Rentsen,Bertrand Le Cun,Francois Galea 한국멀티미디어학회 2009 한국멀티미디어학회 국제학술대회 Vol.2009 No.-
An algorithm recently developed by Enkhbat et al. based on continuous relaxation of the quadratic assignment problem generates suboptimal solution of good quality on average giving no sufficient enough verification on global optimality of the generated solution, whereas a branch and bound method provides a solution with verified global optimality, taking on input an upper bound close to global optimality. In this research we investigated possibility for combining these two techniques, so that firstly upper bound is obtained from the relaxed problem using a continuous global optimization, then a branch and bound procedure is taken to solve the problem completely.
Lee, Yuong-Nam,Lee, Hang-Jae,Kobayashi, Yoshitsugu,Paulina-Carabajal, Ariana,Barsbold, Rinchen,Fiorillo, Anthony R.,Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav Elsevier 2019 Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology Vol.533 No.-
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Crocodyliform tracks are reported from the Upper Cretaceous (?Cenomanian-Santonian) Bayanshiree Formation in southeastern Mongolia. Ten tracks are preserved as natural casts, forming a trackway with a quadrupedal gait pattern with a tail trail. All tracks are short and wide, and dominated by toe traces without plantar impressions. Pes tracks are characterized by four deep claw impressions and push-back marks behind them. Manus tracks have shallow claw marks and long, sub-parallel scratch marks behind. The preferential association of the scratch marks with only the distal digit impressions and irregular pattern of footfalls suggests that this trackway was made by a bottom walking and punting crocodyliform under water. This trackway represents the first crocodyliform “swim tracks” in the Late Cretaceous of Asia and the first evidence for punting behaviour of a fossil crocodyliform. The “swim tracks” can be divided into two categories such as bottom walking tracks with punting for moving somewhat more quickly and subaqueous walking tracks without punting to be associated with slower underwater speeds. The tracks show that crocodylians had adopted a bottom walking behaviour similar to extant crocodylians by Cretaceous times.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> The first report of crocodyliform “swim tracks” in the Late Cretaceous of Asia </LI> <LI> The first evidence for punting behaviour of a fossil crocodyliform </LI> <LI> Conspicuous dragging behaviour during bottom walking </LI> <LI> Division into two categories of crocodyliform “swim tracks” </LI> </UL> </P>