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Balakrishnan, B.,Park, S. H.,Kwon, H. J. Springer Science + Business Media 2017 Biotechnology letters Vol.39 No.1
<P>MppE controls the biosynthesis of the yellow pigments, ankaflavin and monascin, as a reductive enzyme in the azaphilone polyketide pathway.</P>
Balakrishnan, P.,Song, C. K.,Jahn, A.,Cho, H. J. Springer Science + Business Media 2016 Pharmaceutical research Vol.33 No.1
<P>To evaluate the anti-tumor effect of ceramide or trimethylphytosphingosine-iodide (TMP-I) containing solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) prepared using trymyristin, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and Pluronic P85 (P85) for intravenous delivery of docetaxel. Docetaxel-loaded SLNs using ceramide or TMP-I at 3.22% (w/w) with a mean diameter of 89-137 nm were successfully prepared by high pressure homogenization. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by particle size, zeta potential, drug content, and TEM analysis. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were studied using adriamycin-resistant breast cancer (MCF-7/ADR) cells. The optimized formulation's dissolution profile, pharmacokinetics, and antitumor effect in mice tumor model were compared with that of control (Taxotere(A (R))). The drug release rate of docetaxel from SLNs was lower than that of control (Taxotere(A (R))). The prepared SLNs showed higher cellular uptake of docetaxel compared to that of Taxotere(A (R)) in MCF-7/ADR cell lines, which was further confirmed by the confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) study using coumarin 6 (C6). Prepared SLNs exhibited significantly increased antitumor efficacy, compared to Taxotere(A (R)), in MCF-7/ADR cells. In vivo pharmacokinetic study in rats (at 10 mg/kg dose) showed that the SLNs significantly reduced in vivo clearance of drug than Taxotere(A (R)). Interestingly, ceramide and TMP-I SLNs efficiently inhibited the tumor growth compared to Taxotere(A (R)) in MCF-7/ADR tumor xenografted mouse model. This work showed that TMP-I and ceramide SLNs not only significantly enhanced systemic exposure of drug, but also increased antitumor efficacy compared to Taxotere(A (R)) and control SLN.</P>
Growth of nanolaminate structure of tetragonal zirconia by pulsed laser deposition
Balakrishnan, Govindasamy,Kuppusami, Parasuraman,Sastikumar, Dillibabu,Song, Jung Il Springer 2013 Nanoscale research letters Vol.8 No.1
<P>Alumina/zirconia (Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) multilayer thin films were deposited on Si (100) substrates at an optimized oxygen partial pressure of 3 Pa at room temperature by pulsed laser deposition. The Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/ZrO<SUB>2</SUB> multilayers of 10:10, 5:10, 5:5, and 4:4 nm with 40 bilayers were deposited alternately in order to stabilize a high-temperature phase of zirconia at room temperature. All these films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM), and atomic force microscopy. The XRD studies of all the multilayer films showed only a tetragonal structure of zirconia and amorphous alumina. The high-temperature XRD studies of a typical 5:5-nm film indicated the formation of tetragonal zirconia at room temperature and high thermal stability. It was found that the critical layer thickness of zirconia is ≤10 nm, below which tetragonal zirconia is formed at room temperature. The XTEM studies on the as-deposited (Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB>/ZrO<SUB>2</SUB>) 5:10-nm multilayer film showed distinct formation of multilayers with sharp interface and consists of mainly tetragonal phase and amorphous alumina, whereas the annealed film (5:10 nm) showed the inter-diffusion of layers at the interface.</P>
Balakrishnan Santhanaraj,Ponnusamy Ponmurugan,Sathibabu Uddandrao V. V.,Saravanan Ganapathy 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2020 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.20 No.3
We evaluated the beneficial effects of some varieties of Saudi Arabian date fruits against Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)- induced rheumatoid arthritis in rats. Arthritic rats were treated orally for 30 days with methanolic extracts of Sukkari, Ekhlass Almajmaah, Abu Minifee and Dawee verities [500 mg/kg body weight (BW)] and Indomethacin (10 mg/kg BW) administered as standard for comparison. We evaluated the effects of the extracts on arthritis (paw volume and arthritis score), body weight, renal marker levels, and bone metabolic enzymes as well as the antioxidant activities in the experimental and control rats. All verities of date fruit extracts were significantly decreased the arthritis which was evident with arthritis score, paw volume as well as the maintenance of biochemical parameters and antioxidant activities. The present study was suggested that date fruit extracts has prominent anti-arthritic activity which may be attributed to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.
Enhanced Bioavailability of Poorly Water-Soluble Clotrimazole by Inclusion with β-Cyclodextrin
Balakrishnan Prabagar,Bong-Kyu Yoo,우종수,Jung-Ae Kim,이종달,Ming Guan Piao,최한곤,용철순 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.2
Clotrimazole, a poorly water-soluble antimycotic agent, is a promising agent for various diseases including cancer and sickle cell anemia. To improve the oral bioavailability of clotrimazole, the inclusion compound of clotrimazole with β-cyclodextrin was prepared by spray-drying method and characterized by phase solubility, differential scanning calorimetry and dissolution. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics after oral administration in rats was then performed compared with clotrimazole powder. The solubility of clotrimazole increased linearly as a function of β-cyclodextrin concentration, resulting in AL type phase solubility diagram which revealed a formation of inclusion compound in a molar ratio of 1:2, with the apparent association constant of 230.2 M-1. The dissolution rate of clotrimazole in the inclusion compound increased greatly compared to clotrimazole powder in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer solution. The inclusion compound gave significantly higher initial plasma concentrations, Cmax and AUC of clotrimazole than did clotrimazole powder when they were administered as suspension form, indicating that the drug from inclusion compound could be more orally absorbed in rats. Thus, the oral bioavailability of clotrimazole could be improved markedly by inclusion complexation, possibly due to an increased dissolution rate.
Balakrishnan Parasuraman 한국비교노동법학회 2008 노동법논총 Vol.13 No.-
This paper is based on the analysis of two of the most important pieces of Malaysian employment legislation (Employment Act 1955 and Industrial Relations Act 1967) and the Malaysian Industrial Court awards (criterion-based sampling) on misconduct, domestic inquiry and the rules of natural justice. Misconduct is a conduct by the employee which is inconsistent with the fulfillment of the expressed or implied conditions of his service. In Malaysian employment relations, there seems to be an increasing number of Industrial Court cases related to employment misconduct. In 2005, 98.2% of the dismissal awards from the Industrial Court were related to the employment misconduct. Ineffective management of employment misconduct especially the violation of the rules of natural justice in the conduct of domestic inquires results an employee (workman) claiming unfair dismissal under Section 20, Industrial Relations Act 1967. Therefore the due (domestic) inquiry is a requirement (Section 14.1 of the Employment Act 1955, and the principles of common law), which the employer must adhere before meting out any punishment for employment misconduct. Recently, there had been several questions on the interpretation of Section 14(1) of the Employment Act 1955 on the need for domestic inquiry before dismissal for workman who are not within the scope of the Employment Act 1955. However findings from the Industrial Court awards reveals that many awards were made against the employers as they failed to conduct domestic inquiry and violated the principles of natural justice. This means domestic inquiry must beheld for serious misconduct cases and the accused employee must be accorded to a fair hearing based on the rules of natural justice. In this paper the authors are suggesting some proactive measures which can be taken by employers to minimize and to prevent employment misconduct, besides other guideline to improve employment relationship in the context of Malaysia.
Balakrishnan, Bijinu,Kim, Hyun-Ju,Suh, Jae-Won,Chen, Chien-Chi,Liu, Kwang-Hyeon,Park, Si-Hyung,Kwon, Hyung-Jin The Korean Society for Applied Biological Chemistr 2014 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.57 No.2
The biosynthetic gene cluster of Monascus azaphilone pigments (MAzPs) encodes a canonical fatty acid synthase, MpFAS2. It is thus proposed that MpFAS2 plays a role in MAzP biosynthesis by supplying short chain (C8 and C10) fatty acyl moieties. Targeted gene inactivation of MpfasB2 in Monascus purpureus generated an F9 mutant, which developed white hyphae that discharged a yellow color on potato dextrose agar. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that F9 was incapable of producing MAzP and accumulated a wide array of chromophoric compounds instead. The main compound found in F9 was monascusone A, a hydrogenated azaphilone lacking a fatty acyl moiety. Gas chromatography analysis of the fatty acid methyl esters indicated that there was no significant difference in the cellular fatty acyl (C16 and C18) contents between WT and F9. The present study demonstrates that the dedicated fatty acid synthase is required to decorate the azaphilone polyketides in MAzP biosynthesis.