An Experimental Investigation of Reinforcement Thickness of Improved Clay Soil with Drinking Water Treatment Sludge as an Additive

Baki Bağrıaçık,Esra Deniz Güner 대한토목학회 2020 KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING Vol.24 No.12

The aim of this research was to investigate the use of drinking water treatment plant sludge (DWTS) industrial waste by-products, as alternative environmental additives in soil improvement projects. For this reason, in the first stage, the optimum mixing ratio of DWTS was determined. In the second stage, different H/D ratios were evaluated in the investigation of appropriate reinforcing thicknesses in the improvement of clay soil + DWTS mixtures. A geogrid was placed between the two soil layers for separation in this stage. In the third stage, consolidation settlements were investigated before and after improvement with DWTS. In the last stage, the reinforcement mechanism of clay soil + DWTS mixtures were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. As a result, the optimum mixing ratio of DWTS was found to be 10%. The bearing capacity of clay soil increased 1.69 times using DWTS. The optimum reinforcement thickness was determined as H/D = 2.25. We found that consolidation settlements decreased by up to 62%. Thus, the experimental results showed that the use of DWTS as an additive for soil improvement was an economical and environmentally friendly approach.

Pozzolanic properties of trachyte and rhyolite and their effects on alkali-silica reaction

Baki, Vahiddin Alperen,Nayir, Safa,Erdogdu, Sakir,Ustabas, Ilker Techno-Press 2021 Advances in concrete construction Vol.11 No.4

The alkali-silica reaction (ASR) is a highly complex chemical reaction which causes damage to concrete and thus adversely affects the durability and service life. Significant damage can occur in concrete structures due to cracking because of the chemical reactions taking place. Various mineral and chemical additives have been used so far to mitigate ASR and/or to reduce its adverse effects. In this study, ground trachyte and rhyolite provided from Rize-Çağrankaya region, Turkey, were used to investigate their effectiveness in controlling ASR-induced damage by substituting them with cement at certain ratios. In this context, initially the possible use of trachyte and rhyolite as pozzolanas was determined in accordance with BS EN 450-1 and TS 25 standards by considering their pozzolanic activities and then their effectiveness in mitigating the ASR was evaluated as per ASTM C 1567-13. In experimental study, blends of trachyte and rhyolite were prepared by substituting them by cement at 25%, 35%, and 50% percentage. Totally 7 mixes were prepared and three samples of 25×25×285 mm mortar bars were prepared from each batch. The length changes of the mortar bars were determined at the end of 3, 7, 14 and 28 days of exposure. SEM, along with XRD analyses were performed to examine and elementally determine the ASR products that have been formed. The results obtained have shown that ground trachyte and rhyolite used in this study can be used as pozzolanas in concrete and they can also significantly mitigate ASR-induced damage as the substitution ratio increases.

Quantitative Assessments and Spatial Pattern Analyses of Weed Seed Banks of Arable Peat in Selangor, Malaysia

Baki Bin Bakar(바키 빈 바카),Yong-Woong Kwon(권용웅),Fenny Wong Nyuk Yin(훼니 옹 뉵 인) 韓國雜草學會 1997 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.17 No.3

The Homotopy Perturbation Method for free vibration analysis of beam on elastic foundation

Baki Ozturk,Safa Bozkurt Coskun 국제구조공학회 2011 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.37 No.4

In this study, the homotopy perturbation method (HPM) is applied to free vibration analysis of beam on elastic foundation. This numerical method is applied on three different axially loaded cases, namely: 1) one end fixed, the other end simply supported; 2) both ends fixed and 3) both ends simply supported cases. Analytical solutions and frequency factors are evaluated for different ratios of axial load N acting on the beam to Euler buckling load, N_r. The application of HPM for the particular problem in this study gives results which are in excellent agreement with both analytical solutions and the variational iteration method (VIM) solutions for all the cases considered in this study and the differential transform method (DTM) results available in the literature for the fixed-pinned case.

Distribution Patterns, Host Status and Damage Susceptibility of Crop Plants and Weed Species to Cuscuta campestris Yuncker in Malaysia

Baki, B. B.,Remy, M. O.,Aini, H.,Khalijah, A.,Fujii, Y.,Annuar, M. S. M.,Zazali, A. 韓國雜草學會 2009 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.29 No.3

Dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yuncker) is a problematic weed in abandoned, derelict, open crop areas in Malaysia. Surveys were conducted in 2008-2009 in the state of Johore, Peninsular Malaysia to assess the extent of spread and distribution of C. campestris, and enlist its host range and damage susceptibility among crop plants and weed species. No less than 12 crop plants and 70 weed species were hosts to C. campestris in about 45,500 ha of crop and non-crop land surveyed in Johore, Peninsular Malaysia. Asystasia gangetica, Mikania micrantha, and Chromolaena odorata were the most common hosts among weed species while dodder was prevalent among cover crops (Calopogonium mucunoides and Pueraria phaseoloides), young tapioca, oil palm, and rubber plants. There were site- and host-mediated differences in the extent of spatio-temporal spread of dodder throughout the areas surveyed, although no significant differences were registered ob the extent of spread in the three consecutive surveys at 4-monthly intervals. The areas of spread range from about 0.36 ㎡ to 250,000 ㎡. The dodder populations displayed highly clumped spatial distribution pattern with variance-mean-ratio values ranging from 38.17 for Segamat populations to 123776.56 for Kota Tinggi equivalents. The parallel figures of Lloyd’s patchiness index were 1.19 and 1.38 Leaf disc of weed crop plants exposed to 1% or more of ethanol extracts of dodder indicated that A, gangetica, Ageratum conyzoides, Cassia alata, M. micrantha, Murdannia nudiflora, Phyllantus niruri, P. urinaria and Saccharum multiflorum were the most susceptible weed species, while Manihot esculenta was among the moderately susceptible crop plant.

Conducting Large-scale Model Experiments on Xanthan Gum Treated Clay as an Eco-friendly Approach to Soil Improvement

Baki Bağrıaçık,Barış Mahmutluoğlu 대한토목학회 2023 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering Vol.27 No.4

Recently, waste utilization in soil improvement has become immensely popular regarding the optimization of waste disposal, economy, and environmental protection. Most industrial wastes are environmentally hazardous. In this study, xanthan gum, which is an eco-friendly biopolymer, was utilized in soil improvement. Model experiments were carried out to investigate influences of water content, optimum xanthan gum ratio, blending technique, enhancement thickness and curing duration. Consequently, approximately 4.47 times bearing capacity improvement and 3.5 times settlement reductions were attained. Besides, optimum values of 1.75% for the biopolymer ratio, 80°C for the mixing temperature, 42 days for the curing period and 0.75% for the improvement depth were determined. The findings of micro-structural analyses also stood up for the existence of chemical and physical improvements in the soil structure.

Weed Flora of Arable Peat in Selangor, Malaysia-Quantitative and Spatial Pattern Analyses

Baki Bin Bakar(바키 빈 바카),Fenny Wong Nyuk Yin(훼니 옹 뉵 인),Yong Woong Kwon(권용웅) 韓國雜草學會 1997 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.17 No.4

Spatio-temporal Distribution Pattern of New Biotypes of Weedy Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Selangor North-West Project, Malaysia

Baki B. B,M. M. Shakirin 韓國雜草學會 2010 Weed&Turfgrass Science Vol.30 No.2

Weedy rice (Oryza sativa L.) occurred sympatrically with other weeds and the rice crop in Malaysian rice granaries. We conducted field surveys in 2006-2008 seasons in 7 farm blocks of Selangor"s North West Project, Malaysia to enlist the new biotypes of weedy rice (NBWR) and assess their spatio-temporal pattern of distribution based on quantitative and dispersion indices. No less than 16 accessions of NBWR were identified based on their special traits, viz. panicle type, pericarp colour, presence or absence of awn, seed type and degree of grain shattering. The NBWR accessions exhibited a combination of morphological traits from open panicle, grain with awns, red pericarp, short grain type, and degrees of grain shattering. Others mimic commercial rices with close panicle, awnless grains, white pericarp, long or short grain-type. Invariably, the NBWRs mimic and stand as tall as cultivated rice namely MR219, MR220, or MR235 and these NBWR accessions stand among equals morphologically vis-a-vis the commercial rice varieties. Most accessions displayed varying degrees of grain shattering in excess of 50%, except Acc9 and Acc12. The seasonal dynamics of on the prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions were also displaying significant differences among farm blocks. While Bagan Terap farm block, for example, did not record any measurable changes in the dominant NBWR accessions over seasons, the Sungai Leman farm block recorded measurable season-mediated changes in the dominant NBWR accessions. Sungai Leman started with NBWR Acc3, Acc4, Acc5, Acc7, Acc8, and Acc12 in season 1 of 2006/2007, but no measurable records of Acc3 and Acc5 were shown in season 2 of 2007. In season 3 of 2007/2008, only Acc8 and Acc12 prevailed in the farm block. In Sawah Sempadan farm block, season 3 of 2007/2008 showed much reduced prevalence of NBWRs leaving only Acc8 and Acc12. Most accessions registered clump or under-dispersed spatial distribution pattern based on quantitative indices: variance-to-mean ratio (VMR) and Lloyd"s patchiness values. The dynamics on the extent of infestation and prevalence of dominant NBWR accessions registered both season- and farm-block mediated differences. Most accessions showed VMR >1 thus indicative of having a clump or clustered spatial distribution, as exemplified by Acc3, Acc4, Acc7, Acc8 and Acc12 in all farm blocks throughout three seasons. Some accessions have either random or uniform distribution in a few farm blocks. The Acc8 has the highest population counts based on important value index, followed by Acc12, and both were the most dominant accession while Sawah Sempadan was the worst farm block infested by NBWR compared to other farm blocks. These results were discussed in relation with the current agronomic and weed management practices, water availability and extension services in the granary

Large Vocabulary Natural Language Continuous Speech Recognition

Bakis, L.R.,Bellegarda, J.,Brown, P.F.,Burshtein, D.,Das, S.K.,Souza, P.V.ed,Gopalakrishnan, P.S.,Jelinck, F.,Kanevsky, D.,Mercer, R.L.,Nadas, A.J.,Nahamoo, D.,Picheny, M.A. 서울대학교 어학연구소 1990 語學硏究 Vol.26 No.4

The present paper describes our current research on automatic speech recognition of continuously read sentences from a naturally-occurring corpus: office correspondence. The recognition system combines features from our current isolated-word recognition system and from our previously developed continuous speech recognition systems. It consists of an acoustic processor, an acoustic channel model, a language model, and a linguistic decoder. Some new features in the recognizer relative to our isolated-word speech recognition system include the use of a fast match to rapidly prune to a manageable number the candidates considered by the detailed match, multiple pronunciations of all function words, and modelling of interphone coarticulatory behavior. To date, we have recorded training and test data from a set of 10 males talkers. The test data consist of 50 sentences drawn from spontaneously generated memos covered by a 5000 word vocabulary. The perplexity of the test sentences was found to be 93 ; none of the sentences were part of the data used to generate the language model. Preliminary (speaker-dependent) recognition results on these takers yielded an average word error rate of 11.0%.

Factors Affecting Prognosis in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Patients

Eker, Baki,Ozaslan, Ersin,Karaca, Halit,Berk, Veli,Bozkurt, Oktay,Inanc, Mevlude,Duran, Ayse Ocak,Ozkan, Metin Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2015 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.16 No.7

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of mortality in developed countries, and it is the third most frequent malignancy in Turkey. There are many biological, genetic, molecular, and tissue-derived prognostic factors for CRCs. In this study, we evaluated prognostic factors in patients who were metastatic at diagnosis or progressed to metastatic disease during follow-up. Patients and Methods: This study included 116 patients with malignancies either in the colon or rectum. Of these, 65 had metastatic disease at diagnosis, and 51 progressed to metastatic disease during the course of the disease. The parameters evaluated were age, gender, comorbidity, performance status and stage of the disease at the beginning, localization, history of surgery, chemotherapy regimen, response to first-line treatment, K-RAS status, site and number of metastases, expression of tumor predictors (CEA, CA19-9), and survival times. A multivariate analysis conducted with factors that considered statistically significant in the univariate analysis. Findings: Median age was 56 (32-82) years and the male/female ratio was 80/36. Eleven patients were at stage II, 40 at stage III, and 65 at stage IV at diagnosis. Twenty three patients had tumor in the right colon, 48 in the left colon, and 45 in the rectum. Ninety seven patients were operated, and 27 had surgical metastasectomy. Ninety three patients received targeted therapy. At the end of follow-up, 61 patients had died, and 55 survived. Metastatic period survival times were longer in the adjuvant group, but the difference did not reach the level of statistical significance (adjuvant group: median 29 months, metastatic group: median 22 months; p=0.285). In the adjuvant group before the metastatic first-line therapy, CEA and CA 19-9 levels were significiantly lower compared to the metastatic group (p<0.005). We also found that patients with elevated tumor predictor (CEA, CA 19-9) levels before the first-line therapy had significiantly poorer prognosis and shorter survival time. Survival was significiantly better with the patients who were younger than 65 years of age, had better initial performance status, a history of primary surgery and metastatectomy, and single site of metastasis. Those who benefitted from the first-line therapy were K-RAS wild type and whose tumor markers (CEA, CA 19-9) were not elevated before the first line therapy. Conclusions: Among the patients with metastatic CRC, those who benefited from first-line therapy, had history of metastasectomy, were K-RAS wild type and had low CA 19-9 levels before the first-line therapy, showed better prognosis independent of other factors.