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Dispossession through Formalization
Faustin Maganga,Kelly Askew,Rie Odgaard,Howard Stein 한국외국어대학교 아프리카연구소 2016 Asian Journal of African Studies Vol.- No.40
In 2004, Tanzania started formalizing rural property rights. The G8 and other donors have recently upscaled formalization ostensibly to protect small-scale farmers and pastoralists from land grabbing and to reduce conflict. At the same time they are sponsoring what could be the largest land grab in the history of the country: the SAGCOT (Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania) program involving a number of agro-industrial multinationals. Conflicts are on the rise within the area demarcated for SAGCOT investments, where formalization efforts are happening at the same time as large-scale evictions of pastoralists and, to a lesser degree, of small-scale farmers. SAGCOT goals align eerily well with a longstanding government objective to end traditional modes of livestock keeping and forcibly settle pastoralists. Despite the failures of USAIDfunded cattle ranches in the 1970s, the Tanzanian government seeks once again to promote modernized cattle ranches with SAGCOT support, which features USAID as a major partner. Formalization, we argue, is proving to be a mechanism justifying dispossession of farmer and pastoralist lands to support SAGCOT. Donors and the G8 should be aware that they are entering contested terrain wherein farmer-pastoralist tensions are being exacerbated and the human rights of local communities violated. This necessarily calls into question SAGCOT and G8 stated support for formalization as a means of improving transparency, securing land rights for local communities, and reducing conflict. The paper maps out the terrain of contestation, conflict and dispossession at the core of the political economy of property rights formalization in rural Tanzania.
Allelopathic and Competitive Effects of Tall Fescue on Weeds
Daewon Koo,Clebson G. Goncalves,Shawn D. Askew 한국잡초학회 2021 한국잡초학회 별책(학술대회 초록집) Vol.41 No.1
Greenhouse and growth chamber trials were conducted at Virginia Tech's Glade Road Research Facility in Blacksburg, VA, USA to 1) examine the impact of three tall fescue mowing heights on canopy architecture, soil-surface temperature, light penetration, and seedling establishment of six weeds, and 2) determine whether soil leachate or aqueous leaf extract collected from tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort., nom. cons.] affect seed germination and growth of annual bluegrass (POa annua L.), crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.], and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.]. Turf-type tall fescue mown at 3.8 cm for one year reduced penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) at 1 cm above soil level by 43%. For each cm increase in mowing height, PAR decreased an additional 4.4% such that PAR was reduced 90% at the highest mowing of 11.4 cm. Canopy coverage, assessed via digital analysis of images collected from a 0.6-cm tall micro camera, decrease with mowing height in trends that mirrored that of PAR penetration. A concomitant linear decrease in temperature was also related to increased mowing height. Although many weed seedlings were observed at 14 d after seeding, most died by 28 d after seeding. Seedling counts at 28 days after seeding were reduced by tall fescue competition for all species but only annual bluegrass, dandelion (Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) seedling counts were dependent on mowing height. Percentage reduction in 28-d seedling counts increased linearly with mowing height and were 77 to 88% for annual bluegrass and 43 to 77% for white clover. Dandelion seedling counts were at least 25% reduced at tall fescue mowing heights of 3.8 or 7.6 cm and 100% reduced by tall fescue mown at 11.4 cm. Soil leachate collected from tall fescue turf did not inhibit germination or seedling growth of annual grassy weeds. Extracts of ground tall fescue leaves reduced annual bluegrass germination and seedling vigor more when leaves were collected from plants grown in cool (7.2 C) versus warm (35 C) conditions.
Yvonne Nitschke,Yan Yan,Insa Buers,Kristina Kintziger,Kim Askew,Frank Rutsch 생화학분자생물학회 2018 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.50 No.-
Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI) is associated with widespread arterial calcification and stenoses and is caused by mutations in ENPP1. ENPP1 encodes for ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1), which cleaves ATP to generate inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) extracellularly. The current study was designed to define the prevalence of arterial stenoses in GACI individuals and to identify the mechanism through which ENPP1 deficiency causes intimal proliferation. Furthermore, we aimed to effectively prevent and treat neointima formation in an animal model of GACI through the systemic administration of recombinant human (rh)ENPP1-Fc protein. Based on a literature review, we report that arterial stenoses are present in at least 72.4% of GACI cases. We evaluated the effect of rhENPP1-Fc on ENPP1-silenced human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and on induced intimal proliferation in Enpp1-deficient ttw/ttw mice treated with carotid ligation. We demonstrate that silencing ENPP1 in VSMCs resulted in a tenfold increase in proliferation relative to that of cells transfected with negative control siRNA. The addition of rhENPP1-Fc, AMP or adenosine restored the silenced ENPP1- associated proliferation. In contrast, neither PPi nor etidronate, a current off-label treatment for GACI, had an effect on VSMC proliferation. Furthermore, subcutaneous rhENPP1-Fc protein replacement was effective in preventing and treating intimal hyperplasia induced by carotid ligation in an animal model of GACI. We conclude that ENPP1 inhibits neointima formation by generating AMP. RhENPP1-Fc may serve as an approach for the effective prevention and treatment of arterial stenoses in GACI.
Search for theX(4140)state inB+→J/ψϕK+decays with the D0 detector
Abazov, V. M.,Abbott, B.,Acharya, B. S.,Adams, M.,Adams, T.,Agnew, J. P.,Alexeev, G. D.,Alkhazov, G.,Alton, A.,Askew, A.,Atkins, S.,Augsten, K.,Avila, C.,Badaud, F.,Bagby, L.,Baldin, B.,Bandurin, D. V American Physical Society 2014 PHYSICAL REVIEW D - Vol.89 No.1
<P>We investigate the decay B+ -> J/psi phi K+ in a search for the X(4140) state, a narrow threshold resonance in the J/psi phi system. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of 10.4 fb(-1) of p (p) over bar collisions at root s = 1.96 TeV collected by the D0 experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron collider. We observe a mass peak with a statistical significance of 3.1 standard deviations and measure its invariant mass to be M = 4159.0 +/- 4.3(stat) +/- 6.6(syst) MeV and its width to be Gamma = 19.9 +/- 12.6(stat)(-8.0)(+3.0)(syst) MeV.</P>
Abazov, V.M.,Abbott, B.,Acharya, B.S.,Adams, M.,Adams, T.,Alexeev, G.D.,Alkhazov, G.,Alton, A.,Alverson, G.,Aoki, M.,Askew, A.,Atkins, S.,Augsten, K.,Avila, C.,Badaud, F.,Bagby, L.,Baldin, B.,Bandurin Elsevier 2012 Physics letters: B Vol.714 No.1
<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>We present measurements of the differential cross section dσ/dpTγ for the inclusive production of a photon in association with a <I>b</I>-quark jet for photons with rapidities |<SUP>yγ</SUP>|<1.0 and 30<pTγ<300?GeV, as well as for photons with 1.5<|<SUP>yγ</SUP>|<2.5 and 30<pTγ<200?GeV, where pTγ is the photon transverse momentum. The <I>b</I>-quark jets are required to have <SUB>pT</SUB>>15 GeV and rapidity |<SUP>yjet</SUP>|<1.5. The results are based on data corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 8.7 fb<SUP>−1</SUP>, recorded with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron pp¯ Collider at s=1.96?TeV. The measured cross sections are compared with next-to-leading order perturbative QCD calculations using different sets of parton distribution functions as well as to predictions based on the <SUB>kT</SUB>-factorization QCD approach, and those from the <SMALL>SHERPA</SMALL> and <SMALL>PYTHIA</SMALL> Monte Carlo event generators.</P>