"극동의 영국"으로 변해 가는 일본 : 일본의 변화하는 안보·군사정책 The evolving security and military policies of Japan in East Asia

Akira, Ogawa 한국전략문제연구소 2002 전략연구 Vol.9 No.1

The on-going Japan and the U.S. strategic security dialogues in the past nine months are remarkable events that are bearing fruits. A careful preparation began in early spring of 2000 in Washington. The bipartisan American team was created co-chaired by Ambassador Richard Armitage and Professor Joseph Nye. The outcome was issued in October of 2000 before the presidential election took place. After January of 2001, many co-authors of the report including Deputy Secretary of State Armitage joined with the Bush administration and assumed significant posts. The Bush's security policy toward Japan has been clearly stated in the report, which we now call the "Armitage Report". Of course, the "Armitage Report", a private policy recommendation, has never officially been endorsed by the Bush administration, but security experts consider it a de-facto and straight statement of the American will and strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. The "Armitage Report" stimulated the Japanese security community when it was made public. LDP (Liberal Democratic Party), under then-PM Yoshiro Mori, launched within the National Defense Division of the Policy Research Council a series of study sessions to investigate and formulate a response to the report. By March, the official LDP response to the "Armitage Report" was made public. This response was titled, "Establishing the Security Policy of Japan and the Japan-U.S. Alliance" and to be brief, called the "Response to Armitage Report". The report was officially endorsed by LDP the ruling party of Japan. In April, PM Junichiro Koizumi took office and his security policy has been in line with the party's policy platform. The LDP's study groups have been dominating security policy formation in Japan as the opposition parties lack experience, staff and influence. Particularly in the security area, the thrust of the "Armitage Report" is expressed as follows. "We see the special relationship between the United States and Great Britain as a model for the alliance [between the U.S. and Japan]". The report states "Washington must make clear that it welcomes a Japan that is willing to make a greater contribution and to become a more equal alliance partner". This arrangement requires the following elements, according to the Report. 1) Reaffirming the defense commitment. The U.S. should reaffirm its commitment to the defense of Japan and those areas under the administrative control of Japan, including the Senkaku islands. 2) Diligent implementation of the revised Guidelines for U.S. -Japan Defense Cooperation, including passage of crisis management legislation. 3) Robust cooperation of all three U.S. armed services with their Japanese counterparts. The U.S. and Japan should strive for greater jointness. (…) They also should define how to assist each other with emerging new challenges, such as international terrorism and transnational criminal activity (…) peacekeeping and peacemaking activities. 4) Development of a force structure that has the characteristics of versatility, mobility, flexibility, diversity, and survivability. (…) We should strive to reduce the American military footprint in Japan as long as our capabilities can be maintained. The LDP's report echoed as the following. "[T]his report has identified, as one of the challenges to promoting wide-ranging global security cooperation in the future and to strengthening our bilateral cooperation, Japanese domestic legal matters including the prohibition on the exercise of the right of collective self-defense derived from the Japanese Constitution. This report has referred to specific measures to address this challenge". The paper examines nature of strategic security dialogues initiated by the "Armitage Report" which was responded to by the LDP's report. It touches upon three key issues of 1) the right of collective self-defense, 2) emergency laws making, and, 3) missile defense. Prime Minister Koizumi said, "there is room for careful deliberation and investigation" on the right of collective self-defense issue at his first press conference on April 27. The author believes that PM Koizumi would reveal the result of the study after the July 29 upper house elections. If the Japanese PM would change interpretation on the right of collective self-defense, an entirely new horizon will open for policy makers of both Japan and U.S. At the Japan-U.S. summit in July, the highest leaders of both countries agreed to "start strategic dialogues". This provided the official endorsement to on-going dialogues Through such dialogues, Japan and the U.S. will be able to serve better for regional and global stability, peace and prosperity than before In the meantime, the textbook issues have damaged Japan and Republic of Korea (ROK) security relations. But we should not forget that Japan and the ROK share values and ideas and both of us are maritime nations that can prosper only when peace and stability prevail in the region and the world. Japan-U.S. strategic security dialogues, despite minor problems occasionally happen, have been strengthened towards the goal that Japan and the U.S. can help promote Asia Pacific and global peace and stability. The nature of these past and future dialogues is the focus of this paper. The Bush administration is pursuing a full security agenda which will continue until at least January 2005. There is a chance for the Japan-U.S. alliance to be upgraded to a more equal and reciprocal nature in these next four years to come. A stronger Japan-U.S. alliance will encourage the ROK's leaders and its next president to resume security dialogues with Japan.

“극동의 영국”으로 변해 가는 일본- 일본의 변화하는 안보, 군사정책 -

Akira Ogawa (사) 한국전략문제연구소 2002 전략연구 Vol.- No.24

The Miracle of 1998 and beyond: ROK-Japan Security Cooperation

( Akira Ogawa Jr ) 한국국방연구원 1998 The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis Vol.10 No.2

In retrospect, a sea change occurred in ROK-Japan relations in 1965 when President Park Chung Hee and Prime Minister Hayato Ikeda normalized diplomatic relations. Immense courage and vision were required for the leaders of both nations; the ultimate political decisions were made against short-sighted public opinion. President Kim Daejung`s October 1998 visit to Japan has become a showcase of leadership, political courage, and the authority to implement the vision of leadership. He conquered the heart of the Japanese people and lifted himself by praising the bilateral relations; he changed the ROK-Japan relations forever by promoting a "further strengthening of bilateral consultations on security policy and exchanges in the field of defense." We have witnessed two miracles in our lifetime. Now the ROK and Japan have entered an unprecedented security relationship. It is time for the two to materialize what the ROK-Japan Joint Declaration promised. A closer ROK-US-Japan tripartite security arrangement would have immense value in the Asia-Pacific region. Trilateral naval cooperation would strengthen the existing ROK-US and Japan-US bilateral alliances. The triangle is a new architectonic material for the Asia-Pacific region where once-dreamed multilateral frameworks have faded out. Why should naval cooperation come first? It is an ideal type as it can be promoted incrementally, it features a variety of activities from non-military to military cooperation, and the ROK Navy evolves with her slogan, "To the Sea, to the World!" The author has been participating in a track-I1 ROK-Japan security dialogue between the Okazaki Institute and the Yoido Society for New Asia, as well as in a series of second-track trilateral security dialogues. This article represents a collective work of many security experts` rich intellectual arguments, discussions and various presentations: a product of thirteen truly suc cessful thirteen second-track conferences to date. It recommends the way we ought to be, as well as constraints to overcome. The author has many reasons to be personally optimistic about the future security dialogues between the ROK and Japan especially among the younger generation of leaders, as both share the same values: democracy, free market and free trade. However, the author does not support a popular wishful thinking that the enhancement of security ties paves the way for the two peoples toward reconciliation. The 1965 diplomatic and the 1998 security relations` breakthroughs were made by rational judgement, but the removal of animosity and apology and forgiveness stem from transcendent values. Closer ROK-Japan security relations and the emergence of the younger generation should certainly improve the ROK-Japan relations in general, but both peoples and leaders should make a different, conscious and organized effort to produce a third miracle: ROK-Japan reconciliation.

Two Signal Processing Methods Intended for Utilizing the Standard Gaussian Distribution in the Stochastic Evaluation of Room Acoustics and Lighting

Hitoshi Ogawa,Mitsuo Ohta,Akira Ikuta 한국소음진동공학회 2003 한국소음진동공학회 국제학술대회논문집 Vol.2003 No.8

Design of compensator for Engine Intake system model with Turbocharger by Extended Kalman Filter

Masatoshi Ogawa,Harutoshi Ogai,Yasuaki Inoue,Naozumi Okuda,Akira Ohata 제어로봇시스템학회 2009 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2009 No.8

In order to apply an engine intake air system model to engine control, it is necessary to calculate the intake air system model quickly and accurately under constraints of computational performance. Therefore, a study has been made on a method for calculating the intake air system model implemented by an analog LSI at short times. However, the problem is to include the model error in the intake air system model based on the analog LSI of present state. This paper reports a compensation of the intake air system model with error by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF).A basic model that reproduces model errors of analog LSI model is built, and a compensator based on EKF is designed. As a result, it is confirmed that the compensator reduces the model errors by half. Moreover, this paper reports the numeric solution in order to reduce the hunting phenomenon of the engine intake air system model.

Characterization of a simplified regenerative repeater for broadband satellite communications

Kuwamura, Hidetsugu,Ogawa, Akira,Yamazato, Takaya 통신위성우주산업연구회 2005 Joint Conference on Satellite Communications Vol.2005 No.-

This paper is concerned with performance evaluation for an experimental model of a repeater for broadband satellite communications. For the purpose of realizing a high speed and flexible internet satellite communication system, we propose a simplified configuration of satellite regenerative repeater. In this repeater, the amount of signal processing is limited so that the input signal is only AD converted and stored, but a complex function of error control is left to the earth stations. While the information data are modulated with QAM, the necessary information for the onboard routing is carried on the preamble potion placed at the top of the packet and modulated with the differential binary PSK. In this paper, measured results of the bit error rate for this simplified regenerative repeater are described

A Note on the Simple Regenerative Repeating Process for Communication Satellites

Yamazato, Takaya,Ogawa, Akira 통신위성우주산업연구회 2005 Joint Conference on Satellite Communications Vol.2005 No.-

We have been working on a relay process of communication satellite. We omit the regenerative process at the satellite. Only routing and other necessary operation are performed at satellite. Simple configuration and signal processing may promise robust and long-lasting operations in space. We call it "simple regenerating repeater." However, an issue is how to realize the reliable transmission even if we omit the error correcting and detecting process at the satellite. To overcome this issue, we propose to place the error detection code prior to QAM mapping. Using the status of error detector, it is possible to give accuracy to the received signal so we can improve the performance by soft decoding. The FPGA experimental boards of the system are also introduced

Neural Mechanisms Underlying Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction

Naoki Yoshimura,Teruyuki Ogawa,Minoru Miyazato,Takeya Kitta,Akira Furuta,Michael B. Chancellor,Pradeep Tyagi 대한비뇨의학회 2014 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.55 No.2

This article summarizes anatomical, neurophysiological, and pharmacological studiesin humans and animals to provide insights into the neural circuitry and neurotransmittermechanisms controlling the lower urinary tract and alterations in thesemechanisms in lower urinary tract dysfunction. The functions of the lower urinarytract, to store and periodically release urine, are dependent on the activity of smoothand striated muscles in the bladder, urethra, and external urethral sphincter. Duringurine storage, the outlet is closed and the bladder smooth muscle is quiescent. Whenbladder volume reaches the micturition threshold, activation of a micturition centerin the dorsolateral pons (the pontine micturition center) induces a bladder contractionand a reciprocal relaxation of the urethra, leading to bladder emptying. During voiding,sacral parasympathetic (pelvic) nerves provide an excitatory input (cholinergic and purinergic)to the bladder and inhibitory input (nitrergic) to the urethra. These peripheralsystems are integrated by excitatory and inhibitory regulation at the levels of the spinalcord and the brain. Therefore, injury or diseases of the nervous system, as well as disordersof the peripheral organs, can produce lower urinary tract dysfunction, leadingto lower urinary tract symptoms, including both storage and voiding symptoms, andpelvic pain. Neuroplasticity underlying pathological changes in lower urinary tractfunction is discussed.

Simulation of Atrial Wall Suction in a Continuous Flow Total Artificial Heart Model

Paul S. Olegario,Makoto Yoshizawa,Akira Tanaka,Daisuke Ogawa 제어로봇시스템학회 2006 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.10

Compensatory Pelvic Retro-Rotation Associated with a Decreased Quality of Life in Patients with Normal Sagittal Balance

Shimokawa Tetsuya,Miyamoto Kei,Hioki Akira,Masuda Takahiro,Fushimi Kazunari,Ogawa Hiroyasu,Ohnishi Kazuichiro,Akiyama Haruhiko 대한척추외과학회 2022 Asian Spine Journal Vol.16 No.2

Study Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Purpose: To examine whether pelvic rotation as a compensatory mechanism for sagittal imbalance is related to quality of life (QOL). Overview of Literature: Poor sagittal alignment is associated with compensatory pelvic retroversion and decreased QOL. Whether the compensatory pelvic tilt (PT) influences QOL is unclear. Methods: Overall, 134 subjects aged ≥20 years with lower back pain were included (104 females; mean age, 70±9.8 years). Sagittal vertical alignment (SVA) and PT were analyzed radiographically. Patients were stratified into three groups based on SVA values: good alignment (group G), intermediate alignment (group I), and poor sagittal alignment (group P). Patients in group I were further categorized into two groups: low PT and high PT. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association Back Pain Evaluation Questionnaire (JOABPEQ) was used for clinical assessment, and the scores were compared between groups. Results: As SVA increased, PT and lumbar lordosis (LL) increased and decreased, respectively. PT and LL differed significantly between groups G and P (p<0.01 for each comparison). Within group I, there was no significant difference in SVA between the high PT and low PT groups, suggesting that the high PT group had acquired a compensated sagittal balance. Importantly, all domains in the JOABPEQ (except for lower back pain) were significantly lower in the high PT group than in the low PT group (p<0.05 for every comparison). Conclusions: This study showed that focusing solely on SVA as a single indicator can cause important losses in QOL to be overlooked in patients with lumbar disorders. Although pelvic retroversion can compensate for sagittal balance, it is associated with a significant decrease in QOL. To improve the assessment of patients with lumbar disorders, PT should be considered besides SVA.