Re-refining of used lubricant oil by solvent extraction using central composite design method

Ghassan Rokan Daham,Adnan AbdulJabbar AbdulRazak,Adel Sharif Hamadi,Ayad Ahmed Mohammed 한국화학공학회 2017 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.34 No.9

The primary aim of this study was to recover base oil from used oil using solvent extraction followed by the adsorption method. Many effective variables were examined within the solvent extraction method, including using different solvents, solvent/used oil, temperature and speed of blending. Central composite design (CCD) was applied as the statistical method. Response surface methodology was then used to find the optimum conditions in the process of extraction: ratio of solvent/used oil 2.4 and 3.12 vol/vol, temperature=54 and 18 oC, and speed of mixing=569 and 739 rpm for 1-butanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), respectively. Various flocculation agents were used with the solvent, such as Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and Monoethylamine (MEA); they provided an increase in the separation efficiency. The best result was obtained when using 2 grams of MEA/kg solvent; this amount of MEA increases sludge removal from 12.6% to 14.7%. In the process of clay adsorption, the variables that were tested included the ratio of clay/extract oil, temperature and time of contact. The best conditions in the process of adsorption by activated bentonite were a ratio of clay/extract oil=15 wt/vol%, temperature=120 oC, and time of contact=150 minutes. The recovered base oil was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and compared to Iraqi specifications of base oils. The recovered base oil specifications were analyzed, including, viscosity @100 oC 8.32, 9.22 cSt, pour point −17.35, −22.23 oC, flash point 210.12, 223.04 oC, total acid number (TAN) 0.25, nill, total base number (TBN) nill, nill, ash 0.031, 0.0019wt% and color 3.0, 2.5 for two types of base oil recovered using MEK, 1- butanol with activated bentonite, respectively.

Strategic Intelligence and Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Small and Medium Enterprises

Shehenaz Fadhil AHMED,Buraq Talib ABDULJABBAR,Adel Abbas ABED HUSSEIN 한국유통과학회 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.6

Strategic Intelligence (SI) is a business tool within strategic management and is gaining importance as a process that enables companies to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. This study explores the current SI state in small and medium enterprises in Iraq, electrical and electronic industries. For this purpose, a questionnaire model was developed to test the relationship between strategic intelligence dimensions and sustainable competitive advantage in its various dimensions. The study sample includes 60 respondents from managers, department heads, and managers of production units in small and medium-sized companies operating in Iraq during 2020. The results of multiple regression analysis show the presence of a (statistically significant) impact of the strategic intelligence dimensions (information systems, knowledge management, competitive intelligence, business intelligence). On the dimensions of the core capabilities, the efficiency of the organization, the strategic flexibility, and the creative culture. However, there is no statistically significant effect of the strategic intelligence dimensions (information systems, knowledge management, competitive intelligence, business intelligence) on the information technology dimension. This study provides theoretical and practical implications to help managers develop sustainable competitive advantages through the capabilities provided by SI in small and medium industrial enterprises in Iraq.

Animal carcass burial management: implications for sustainable biochar use

Vithanage Meththika,Mayakaduwage S. S.,Gunarathne Viraj,Rajapaksha Anushka Upamali,Ahmad Mahtab,Abduljabbar Adel,Usman Adel,Al-Wabel Mohammad I.,Ippolito James A.,Ok Yong Sik 한국응용생명화학회 2021 Applied Biological Chemistry (Appl Biol Chem) Vol.64 No.6

This review focuses on existing technologies for carcass and corpse disposal and potential alternative treatment strategies. Furthermore, key issues related to these treatments (e.g., carcass and corpse disposal events, available methods, performances, and limitations) are addressed in conjunction with associated environmental impacts. Simultaneously, various treatment technologies have been evaluated to provide insights into the adsorptive removal of specific pollutants derived from carcass disposal and management. In this regard, it has been proposed that a low-cost pollutant sorbent may be utilized, namely, biochar. Biochar has demonstrated the ability to remove (in)organic pollutants and excess nutrients from soils and waters; thus, we identify possible biochar uses for soil and water remediation at carcass and corpse disposal sites. To date, however, little emphasis has been placed on potential biochar use to manage such disposal sites. We highlight the need for strategic efforts to accurately assess biochar effectiveness when applied towards the remediation of complex pollutants produced and circulated within carcass and corpse burial systems.

Bioenergy-derived waste biochar for reducing mobility, bioavailability, and phytotoxicity of chromium in anthropized tannery soil

Herath, Indika,Iqbal, M. C. M.,Al-Wabel, Mohammad I.,Abduljabbar, Adel,Ahmad, Mahtab,Usman, Adel R. A.,Sik Ok, Yong,Vithanage, Meththika Springer-Verlag 2017 Journal of soils and sediments Vol.17 No.3

<P>Pore diffusion, and adsorption via pi-pi electron donor-acceptor interactions were the primary mechanisms to be involved in the Cr retention in BC. Results suggested that the addition of BC to TWS reduces the mobility, bioavailability, and phytotoxicity of Cr in tomato plants.</P>

Soil Enzyme Activities in Waste Biochar Amended Multi-Metal Contaminated Soil; Effect of Different Pyrolysis Temperatures and Application Rates

Vithanage, Meththika,Bandara, Tharanga,Al-Wabel, Mohammad I.,Abduljabbar, Adel,Usman, Adel R. A.,Ahmad, Mahtab,Ok, Yong Sik Informa UK (TaylorFrancis) 2018 Communications in soil science and plant analysis Vol.49 No.5

<P>Woody biochars derived by pyrolyzing Gliricidia sepium at 300 degrees C and 500 degrees C and a waste byproduct of same biomass from a bioenergy industry (BC700) were tested for their effect on soil enzymes activities and available form of heavy metals in multi-metals contaminated soil. Pot experiments were conducted during 6 weeks with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) at biochar application rates, 1, 2.5, and 5% (w/w). A reduction in polyphenol oxidase with biochars produced at increasing pyrolysis temperature compared to the control whereas the maximum activity of dehydrogenase and catalase was observed in 1% BC500 and 2.5% BC300, respectively. Soil available form of Ni, Mn, and Cr were reduced by 55, 70% and 80% in 5% BC700 amended soil, respectively. The highest geometric mean of enzyme activities was observed in 2.5% BC300 treatment. Overall the application of high dosages of high temperature derived biochar masks/deteriorates soil enzyme activities but immobilizes bioavailable heavy metals and reduces toxicity.</P>

Influence of bioenergy waste biochar on proton- and ligand-promoted release of Pb and Cu in a shooting range soil

Kumarathilaka, Prasanna,Ahmad, Mahtab,Herath, Indika,Mahatantila, Kushani,Athapattu, B.C.L.,Rinklebe, Jö,rg,Ok, Yong Sik,Usman, Adel,Al-Wabel, Mohammad I.,Abduljabbar, Adel,Vithanage, Meththika Elsevier 2018 The Science of the total environment Vol.625 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Presence of organic and inorganic acids influences the release rates of trace metals (TMs) bound in contaminated soil systems. This study aimed to investigate the influence of bioenergy waste biochar, derived from <I>Gliricidia sepium</I> (GBC), on the proton and ligand-induced bioavailability of Pb and Cu in a shooting range soil (17,066mg Pb and 1134mg Cu per kg soil) in the presence of inorganic (sulfuric, nitric, and hydrochloric) and organic acids (acetic, citric, and oxalic). Release rates of Pb and Cu in the shooting range soil were determined under different acid concentrations (0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10mM) and in the presence/absence of GBC (10% by weight of soil). The dissolution rates of Pb and Cu increased with increasing acid concentrations. Lead was preferentially released (2.79×10<SUP>−13</SUP> to 8.86×10<SUP>−13</SUP> molm<SUP>−2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>) than Cu (1.07×10<SUP>−13</SUP> to 1.02×10<SUP>−13</SUP> molm<SUP>−2</SUP> s<SUP>−1</SUP>) which could be due to the excessive Pb concentrations in soil. However, the addition of GBC to soil reduced Pb and Cu dissolution rates to a greater extent of 10.0 to 99.5% and 15.6 to 99.5%, respectively, under various acid concentrations. The increased pH in the medium and different adsorption mechanisms, including electrostatic attractions, surface diffusion, ion exchange, precipitation, and complexation could immobilize Pb and Cu released by the proton and ligands in GBC amended soil. Overall, GBC could be utilized as an effective soil amendment to immobilize Pb and Cu in shooting range soil even under the influence of soil acidity.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Presence of protons and ligands in soil increased the bioavailability of Pb and Cu. </LI> <LI> Biochar reduced Pb and Cu release rates to 99.5%. </LI> <LI> Electrostatic attraction and complexation to biochar could immobilize Pb and Cu. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>