길경탕(桔梗湯)이 인체(人體) 폐세포(肺細胞)에 미치는 영향(影響)에 관(關)한 분자생물학적(分子生物學的) 연구(硏究)

이형구,Rhee, Hyung-Koo 대한한의학회 1999 대한한의학회지 Vol.20 No.2

To characterize the effects of Gilgyung-Tang(GGT) on cellular proliferation and viability of normal lung fibroblast cells, we examined the cell cycle progression and cell cycle-related gene expression in T3891 using a flow cytometry and a quantitative RT-PCR analysis. 1. The significant surpression effect of cellular proliferations of GGT was observed in proportion to a certain concentration and time. 2. GGT was identified to induce apoptotic death of damaged cells by treatment with a DNA-damage agent and etoposide, while it stimulated the recovery of cellular viability of normal cells. 3 The significant reductions of mRNA expression of PCAN, c-Fos treated by GGT were observed. 4. The significant inductions of mRNA expression of p53, CDKN1. Gadd45 treated by GGT were observed. 5. The apoptosis caused by the reduction of Bcl-2 genes was significant and the Bax genes were increased. but the amount of Fas genes were not changed. These results strongly suggest that GGT triggers arrest of the cell cycle at G1 phase, and thus causes an inhibition of cellular proliferation of human normal lung cells through the transcriptional up-regulation of cell cycle inhibitory genes and down-regulation of induction of cell cycle stimulating genes respectably.

인삼윤폐환(人蔘潤肺丸)의 효능(效能)에 관(關)한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究)

이형구,Rhee, Hyung-Koo 한국한의학연구원 1996 한국 한의학연구소 논문집 Vol.2 No.1

Experimental studies were done to research the clinical effect of Insamyunpye-H wan on viscousity of mucin solution, pulmonary thromboembolism, oxygen consumption in $O_3$-exposed and Lung TBA in rats and mice. The result was obtained as follows : 1. In the effect of viscosity sampled from mucin, Insamyunpye-Hwan was revealed to have a significant effect of decrease in the rate of viscousity (p<0.01). 2. In the effect of sodium aracdonic acid induced pulmonary thromboembolism, I samyunpye-Hwan was revealed to have an effect of increasing the number of survival, but were not significant 3. In the effect of ADP induced pulmonary thrornboembolism, Insamyunpye-Hw an was revealed to have an effect of increasing the number of survival, but were not significant 4. In the effect of oxygen cansumption values in rats exposed-$O_3$, Insarnyunpye-Hwan was revealed to have a significant effect (p<0.05). 5. In the effect of the lung TBA values in rats exposed-$O_3$, Isamyunpye-Hwan was revealed to have a significant effect (p<0.05). In connection with the results of the studies, Insamyunpye-Hwan is concluded to be effective on the treatment of cough and lung and respiratory organ damages.

청비소염환(淸鼻消炎丸)이 알레르기성 비염환자의 삶의 질에 미치는 임상적 효과

이형구,한동하,Rhee, Hyung-Koo,Han, Dong-Ha 대한한방내과학회 2002 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.23 No.1

Objective : in order to be convinced of improvement in quality of life in allergic rhinitis patients, I observed clinically remedical effect of Quingbixiaoyanwan-Derivatives(淸鼻消炎丸) on allergic rhinitis with a questionnaire. Methods : We treated forty five allergic patients at the Nam Chun Oriental Medical Hospital from October, 2001 to January, 2002. They were treated with Quingbixiaoyanwan-Derivatives(淸鼻消炎丸), nasal cleansing solution and dietary treatment, and the health-related quality of life with a questionnaire. Results : 1. The gender proportion was twenty five males(55.6%) and twenty females(44.4%); seven teenagers (15.6%); ten patients in their 20s(22.2%); twenty patients in their 30S(44.4%); six patients in their 40s(13.3%); two patients in over 50s (4.4%) 2. The duration of the disease: 0 case within six months; three cases for six months to one year (6.6%); fourteen cases for one year to five years(31.1%); twenty six cases for over five years(62.2%) 3. Major symptoms; forty three cases for watery rhinorrhea (95.5%); thirty one caess for nasal itching(68.8%); 91.1 cases for sneezing(41.0%);thirty nine cases for nasal obstruction (86.6%); sixteen cases for difficulty in smelling(35.5%);seventeen postnasal drip(37.7%);three bloody rhinorrhea (6.6%);fourteen cases for headaches(31.1%); nine cases for eyelid itching (60.0%). 4. Seasonal Distribution: perennial allergic rhinitis occurred as follows: 55.6% in winter; 13.3% in fall; 11.1 % in spring;2.2% in summer. 5. Other combined allergic symptoms; sixteen cases for allergic conjunctives (37.8%); eight cases for sinus(17.8%);four cases for atopic dermatitis (8.9%); three cases for bronchial asthma(6.7%); sixteen cases for none(35.6%) 6. After a specific prescription of Quingbixiaoyanwan-Derivatives(淸鼻消炎丸), nasal cleansing solution and dietary therapy, the quality of life in allergic rhinitis patients was improved to 20.27%, which was significantly.(P<0.001) 7. The specific treatment did not affect GOT/GPT and BUN/Creatinine. 8. The specific treatment did not influence the level of total IgE serum significantly. Conclusions : Based on the above results, I have concluded that the specific treatment of Quingbixiaoyanwan-Derivatives(淸鼻消炎丸), nasal cleansing solution and dietary therapy can improve the quality of life in allergic rhinitis patients.

숙지황(熟地黃)이 Bleomycin에 의한 폐섬유화(肺纖維化)에 미치는 영향(影響)

이형구,정승기,정희재,류한천,Rhee, Hyung-Gu,Jung, Sung-Ki,Jung, Hee-Jae,Ryu, Han-Chon 대한한방내과학회 2004 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.25 No.2

Objective : The main purpose of this study was to determine if Rehmanniae Radix has significant effects on lung fibrosis. Materials and Methods : C57BL/6J mice were devided into three groups. These were the normal group, which were not treated, the control group, given Intratracheal instillation(IT) of Bleomycin, the sample group, given IT of bleomycin and water-extracted Rehmanniae Radix. Animals were sacrificed 14 days after IT treatment. Lung fibrosis was evaluated by analysis of bronchoalveolar larvage(BAL) total WBC, percentage of macrophage, lymphocyte and neutrophil. This was done histologically by semiquantitative histological index(SHT) of lung tissue. Results : The sample group in coparison with control group showed a decrease in the BAL, total WBC, lower percentage of lymphocyte and neutrophil(p<0.05) and correspondingly a lower percentage of macrophage(p<0.01). The Sample group showed a significant decrease of collagen accumulation with respect to the control group in SHI of lung tissue(p<0.01). INF-${\gamma}$ and IL-4 levels in BALF of mice significantly decreased in the control group(p<0.05). Conclusions : Results suggest that Rehmanniae Radix has an anti-imflamatory effect and anti-fibrotic effect on the lungs through decrease of IL-4 and total WBC count for not only macrophage, but also lymphocyte and neutrophil. The degradation of INF-${\gamma}$ calls for research beyond the scope of this study.

맥문동(麥門冬)이 C57BL/6J 생쥐의 Bleomycin 폐섬유화(肺纖維化)에 미치는 영향(影響)

이형구,정승기,정희재,이병삼,Rhee, Hyung-Koo,Jung, Sung-Ki,Jung, Hee-Jae,Lee, Byeong-Sam 대한한방내과학회 2004 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.25 No.4

Objectives : The aim was to identify the inhibitory effects of Liriopis Tuber on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis by analysing the changes of imflammatory cell cytokines and SHI(Semiquantitative Histological Index), Materials and Methods : In this study fibrosis prone C57BL/6J mice were used. Control group was treated with blomycin(0.06mg/0.1 ml) by IT(intratracheal) instillation which is a popular method of inducing lung fibrosis and sample group took Liriopis Tuber water extract(38.0mg/10g body weight) orally for 14 days after IT instillation of blomycin. We measured the total and differential count of WBC, $IFN-{\gamma}$ & IL-4 in mice BALF and SHI(Semiquantitative Histological Index) from lung tissues of mice. BALF and lung tissues of mice were taken 14 days after IT instillation of blomycin. Results : In sample group total WBC count, proportion of neutrophil, SHI and IL-4 significantly(p<0.05) decreased, proportion of macrophage significantly(p<0.05) increased and proportion of lymphocyte, $IFN-{\gamma}$ did not decrease significantly. Conclusions : This study suggests that Liriopis Tuber has an inhibitory effects of pulmonary fibrosis by attenuation of inflammation and Th2 immune response. To determine whether this herbal medicine contribute to cure and prophylaxis of pulmonary fibrosis, further studies on the role of $IFN-{\gamma}$ relating to fibrosis are required.

패모(貝母)가 Bleomycin에 의한 폐섬유화(肺纖維化)에 미치는 영향(影響)

이형구,정승기,정희재,이규선,Rhee, Hyung-Koo,Jung, Sung-Ki,Jung, Hee-Jae,Lee, Kyu-Sun 대한한방내과학회 2005 大韓韓方內科學會誌 Vol.26 No.1

Background & Objective : Idiopathic Lung Fibrosis(IPF) is chronic fibrotic interstitial pneumonia. The pathogenesis is unclear. Fritillariae Rhizoma is the most commonly used antitussive and expectorant Oriental medicinal herb. The effects of Fritillariae Rhizoma on bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis is here evaluated. Material and Methods : Fritillariae Rhizoma extract was daily given to the normal rats, control(bleomycin) rats and treated(bleomycin and Fritillariae Rhizoma) rats at 9.0 mg per body weight 10g for 14 days. 14 days later, the change in Leukocyte count and percentages were observed, as well as IFN-gamma and 1L-4 in BALF, and the change in Semiqualitative histological index(SHI). Results : Compared to control rats, Fritillariae Rhizoma treated rats showed a lower leukocyte count(P<0.05) lymphocyte, neutrophil percentage, SHI(p<0.05), IFN-gamma and IL-4(p<0.05) in treated rats. Conversely, macrophage percentages went higher(p<0.05) in treated rats. Conclusion : This study supports a role for Fritillariae Rhizoma in reducing the maintaining inflammatory cells and cytokines in rats with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis and in the reduction of fibrosis tissues. Further research is needed in order to develop an effective treatment for lung fibrosis.

관찰표현활동을 통한 주의력결핍 아동의 집중력 향상에 관한 연구

이형구(Rhee Hyoung-Koo),신미라(Shin Mi-Ra) 한국미술교육학회 2003 美術敎育論叢 Vol.17 No.-

이 연구는 관찰하는 능력이 부족한 주의력결핍 아동들의 표현력과 집중력을 향상시키기 위하여 관찰표현 활동을 통해 관찰력과 표현력을 신장시키고, 산만하고 부주의한 면을 개선하여 환경에 잘 적응할 수 있도록, 관찰표현 프로그램을 구안하여 주의력결핍 아동들에게 적용하는 것이다. 프로그램의 실행 전과 후에 ADHD 행동평정척도, 명화를 이용한 주의력 검사도구와 KHTP 그림 검사를 통하여 아동의 변화를 분석한 결과, 관찰표현 프로그램의 실행으로 미적 표현력이 신장되었고, 부주의와 과잉행동 및 충동성이 개선되었으며, 시각적 사고력이 길러졌음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 자신감이 강화되고 표현의욕이 높아져 적극적이고 창의적인 미술적 태도의 형성에 도움이 되었으며, 정서적으로 안정이 되어 학교생활에의 적응력이 높아졌다. 주에어 : 주의력결핍, ADHA행동평정척도, KHTP 그림검사 A number of artistic-expression activities were used in art education to mold and promote behavioral improvement in children and to enhance their ability to concentrate. The goal of these activities was to increase the children's capabilities for expression and learning. An increase in capabilities for expression and concentration is particularly important for children with attention deficit disorder because they lack the ability to carefully observe their surrounding environment. The purpose of this thesis is to help children adapt to their environment by using observation-expression activities to improve their ability to concentrate and to heighten their skills for observation and expression. To accomplish this purpose, and observation-expression program was devised and applied to children with attention deficit disorder. To heighten the effectiveness of this thesis, the program was used with perception tasks for focused attention training. Qualitative and quantitative measurements were taken before and after the program activities. These measurements included the ADHD behavior evaluation index, attention examination tools using famous paintings, a KHTP drawing examination and behavioral observation. Artwork of the children, the outcome of the observation-expression activities, was compared before and after, using the evaluation index. The data was recorded and then statistically analyzed. The results of a comparison of the changes in the expression behavior of the children subjects are presented here. First, the expression of children improved overall at a statistically meaningful level. This improvement was produced by their participation in observation-expression development activities. These results were shown by comparing their artworks, before and after their involvement in observation-expression activities. These results demonstrate that the observation-expression program improved the expression, attention and concentration capabilities of the subjects. Second, the evaluation index of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was compared on a before and after basis as well. This comparison showed that their behaviors changed in a desirable direction. In particular, problematic activities in the careless-related category made the greatest improvement. This demonstrated that the observation-expression activity significantly helped to improve the attention concentration of the children subjects. Third, measurement with attention examination tools using famous painting was done on a before and after basis as well. These measurements showed that the observation-expression activities developed the eyes of the children to better view the paintings and decreased attention deficit by improving ability to observe and concentrate. Fourth, measurements of the change of emotion and sentiment, as well as expression through the visual symbol shown in the KHTP drawing, were also done on a before and after basis. These measurements demonstrated that the program produced noticeable improvement in expression of the use of space and formation, as well as the use of lines. This showed a positive change in the moderation and activity of the children subjects sentiments. In conclusion, the observation-expression program (1) heightened aesthetic expression, (2) reduced carelessness, hyperactive behavior and impulsiveness (3) enhanced visual thought processes, (4) strengthened confidence, (5) increased the desire to express and form an active and creative artistic attitude and (6) heightened adaptability to school life with emotional stability. If this program is applicable to ordinary children, observation-expression activities of this type would provide a positive influence in the improvement of concentration and the enhancement of expression. Key words : Attention deficit disorder, ADHD behavior evaluation, KHTP drawing examination

加味滋陰降火湯의 效能에 關한 實驗的 硏究

李珩九(Hyung Koo Rhee) 대한한의학회 1987 대한한의학회지 Vol.8 No.1

미술교육이 어린이의 지식습득에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

이형구 ( Hyoung Koo Rhee ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 1997 교육문화연구 Vol.3 No.-

The arts are related to the development of young children. Skilled teachers have always parlayed their understanding of how children of different ages learn into an effective curriculum. However, educators have frequently ignored the developmental characteristics of children, thus making teaching and learning more difficult. The arts enrich the lives of young children and arts can help children in their intellectual, social, and emotional development. The arts foster cognitive competence, can deepen social interaction, and contribution to the personal well-being of the individual (Jackson, 1987). Arts should be a part of the education of all children. As all children will become literate, doers of mathematics, and even athletes they also will learn about and perform in the arts. A baseline of knowledge about the arts will enrich their lives as much as a baseline of knowledge in these other domains. This does not mean that every child will become an artist or enjoy all of the arts equally. Only a few children will become experts in literature, or mathematics, or athletics and few will become artists as well. A goal in the arts should be the same as it is in literacy and mathematics and athletics to keep the door open as long as possible for all children to have a chance at becoming an expert. Given the arts can be important component of an early childhood program, how should instruction be organized? To answer that question, the dimensions of arts that interface with development will be defined more narrowly. Then, the nature of development that bears on how children achieve the skills and knowledge about arts will be considered. Finally, how departmental considerations might guide the plan for children's education in the arts will be focused. The arts are worthy curriculums for young children, particularly for children who may be alienated from school culture. The arts are also a unique way of knowing that is different from science and logic but not in conflict with these disciplines and that interest in the arts may stimulate interest in other forms of knowing. Children learn by their own actions but they also learn form others. Personal expression is an important component of the arts. Children need to gain confidence in their ability to create symbols and represent realities according to their own feelings and thoughts. Young children need acceptance for themselves and their ideas. They need to be protected from the excessive pressure of too high standards or competitiveness. In these ways early experiences in the arts need to be child-centered. However, this does not mean that children will learn all they need to know without assistance. Children need modeling and stimulation from meaningful adults to value and want to engage in the arts. They need help finding new ways of looking at and organizing information about the world, about the arts, and about themselves. They need help learning new skills to enhance their performance. A developmentally appropriate arts curriculum will have ample time for both-time for children to integrate information according to their own developmental schedule and modes of learning and time for a teacher to help them extend, elaborate on, and refine their skills and knowledge. There are many things that children can learn on their own, but much of what they need to know must come from others. Children need sensitive teachers who know and understand the concepts underlying the arts to focus their attention on the most meaningful aspects of a given art form. Teachers need to present new ideas, but in the context of the children's interest and prior knowledge. Teachers need to know both development and structure on the arts. They, also, need to appreciate the art values of children's families and communities as well as the standards and values of the large society. No single educational strategy will meet the criteria of a developmentally appropriate curriculum. Rather, development only provides guideposts for many different strategies depending on individual and group differences. The skills and knowledge of the arts develop. Stop thinking about real art as starting only after children have all skills to do it and think about art as having different stages. The early childhood stage is the time for children to enjoy expressing themselves, see the value of arts in their own lives, begin to think about and understand the various components of an art, and expert adults sto help learn and develop. Art education should be thought of as a process that begins at birth and never ends. The beginning is just important as any other time. Early childhood art education may not look like traditional instruction, but it is just important.

다문화미술교육에서 우리나라 학생 대상의 필요성에 관한 연구

이형구(Rhee, Hyoung Koo) 한국미술교육학회 2013 美術敎育論叢 Vol.27 No.1

다문화교육은 다양한 민족, 인종, 계층, 성별, 지역, 종교 등에 의한 문화적 차이로 발생하는 편견과 오해에서 벗어나기 위하여 다른 문화를 이해하여 서로 소통하여 공존 할 수 있는 능력을 키우는 교육 이라 할 수 있다. 미술은 문화를 이해하는 수단이며 문화는 미술로 유지, 전수되는 것으로 일상생활에서 다른 사람의 사회와 문화에 대한의 사소동의 수단이 된다. 미술가는 작품으로 자신이 속한 의 문화를 표현한다. 미술품이 문화를 나타내고 전달하는 역할 때문에 다문화교육에서 미술교육의 중요성을 보여주고 있다. 다문화미술교육은 다양한 문화가 존재한다는 것을 알고 그 문화 들에 대한 지식을 얻어 다른 문화를 이해하는데 목적이 있다. 우리나라에 다양한 문화와 인종에 대한 오해와 편견으로 발생하는 사회적 문제의 해결, 일상생활에서 공존하는 능력, 문화의 상대적 다양성을 인정하기 위하여 다문화미술교육이 필요하다. 소수자에 대한 편견과 차별은 해소하기 위하여 다문화교육의 대상을 다수자로 하여 그들 이 소수자 입장에서 다른 문화를 이해한다면 소수자의 문화를 존중하고 소수자도 다문화사회의 구성원이라는 것을 인식할 수 있을 것이다. 우리사회에서 서로가 공동체 라는 긍정적 인시각을 가지게 하기 위해서 우리 나라 학생을 교육의 대상으로 포함할 필요가 있다. 학교에서의 다문화미술교육은 학생의 의사나 능력을 고려하지 않은 지식 중심의 주입식 교육이다. 또한 지속적으로 경험할 수 있는 기회가 제한적이다. 그러나 박물관에서 교육의 대상에 문화, 민족, 계층 구별 없이 개별적인 흥미와 관심을 가지고 다양한 경험을 할 수 있다. 세계 여러 나라의 다양한 문화유산이 있는 박물관의 전시와 교육이 다문화미술교육에서 활용 할 수 있는 좋은 장소가 될 수 있다. 다양한 문화유산에 대한 지식의 습득을 학교교육에서 한다면 다양한 문화에 대한 이해를 위한 다문화미술교육은 박물관에서 할 수 있을 것이다. Multicultural society in Korea is different from that in Western nations where formed gradually over for a long time through immigration, exile and colonization. However. multicultural society in Korea is caused by the rapid rise in international marriages. foreign workers, and foreign residents and the multicultural families' children. Therefore, there are also growing interests for multicultural education. Multicultural education in Korea has focused on adjustment education of the minorities, rather than changes of the majority's perception of multiculture. Under the circumstance which married female immigrants and their children from multicultural families to be participate in Korean culture in trouble. to take multicultural education can be a chance not only to express themselves. but also to raise their life quality to a high level. We should proceed to respect for other culture. equality, openness. interdependency. human rights. and resistance to unreasonable discrimination or repression. We should get out from the closed-minded nationalism and open the age of global village and social integration with the multicultural families. To understand multiculture in our society and raise the view of diversity, the subject of multicultural education program should contain Korean students also. This study suggests that Korean students are demanded desirable attitudes to respect values from various cultures recognition and various cultures through the current status of multicultural society and multicultural art education. It is important to concern and understanding on more various nations and races to Korean students as well as multicultural families' children. Multicultural art education in the museum has to exhibit cultural properties and relics close relationship with other different cultural factors and various social issues to the extent reaching the issues of local community, human rights and environment from other cultures lie in our culture. Multicultural art education in the museum can be more effective educational venue than any other classrooms, because they allow students to experience the cultural properties and relics which are impossible in classrooms. Through cultural properties and relics in the museum, it can play a role of raising the critical perspective together with understanding our culture. Multicultural art education in the museum is an important factor in escaping the self-centered world view and in understanding different cultures and variety of values. The museum educational art programs for Korean students enable to embrace the culture difference, to understand the diversity and to understand the culture of multicultural family.