http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
황은수(Hwang Eun-soo) 한국역사연구회 2010 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.75
Examined in this article, are the status of the Joseon ports which were opened by treaties, and the activities of the Joseon merchants, in a Northeast Asian network of sailing routes which connected various places throughout the region, after the three countries, Joseon, China and Japan, established a series of trade agreements among them. This network of regular maritime traffics allowed entities come and go between various places beyond the borders of the countries, and strengthened the connection between those various places. And at important passage points, which served as gateways for human exchanges and exchange of materials, there were no other than the treaty-opened ports positioned, which had earlier been opened by international treaties. Foreign merchants were allowed to reside and trade in those opened ports. And domestic merchants, either in the vicinity or from distant regions, opened businesses there as well, and explored possibilities of extending their transactions to open ports in other areas. It was primarily the Chinese merchants(華商) and the Japanese merchants(日商) who played a major role in establishing regular sailing routes and conducting international trades. But the trade block they established was not to be used by merely themselves. Admittedly the Joseon merchants' activities were weak in the beginning, yet there were active ones among them, and such cases were increasing. With ports opened up in Joseon, foreign merchants from the outside, and Joseon's own domestic merchants from other regions, began immediately to gather there, and the regular sailing routes served as a basis for their trade activities and their efforts to expand their influences. From sources such as 『Qingji Zhong-Ri-Han guanxi shiliao(淸季中日韓關係史料)』, we can obtain detailed information concerning the Joseon merchants who were stretching their legs to China(the Qing dynasty): their types[origins], purpose of visits, traveled routes, their base of operations, the conditions they met, and the goods and commodities they dealt with. We can also see how the Joseon and Qing governments’ treatment of those Joseon merchants varied, and how the regulations regarding such treatments have changed over the years, especially between before and after the signing of a modern treaty or agreement. Also, from sources such as 『仁川港警察所商船憑票摘奸成冊(Records of Merchant Ships Monitoring and Certificate Fabrication Prosecution, of the Incheon Port Police Department)』, which was a record of inspection of the Joseon people who came and went through opened ports inside and outside Joseon aboard steamships departing from Incheon for commercial runs, we can have a glimpse at the Joseon merchants who were expanding their realm of activities in the 1880s and 1890s. Earlier studies concentrated upon examining the competitions (of foreign countries) that continued inside Korea over the issue of taking control of the Joseon market, and the Joseon people's response to that. Hopefully in the future, studies will be able to cover a wider range of issues, in order to escape a perspective that views only Japan and China as the major driving forces of the late 19th century East Asian economy.
황은수 ( Hwang Eun-soo ) 한국방송통신대학교 통합인문학연구소 2018 통합인문학연구 Vol.10 No.1
아카디아의 개념은 시대에 따라 변화되어 왔다. 고대의 아카디아는 목동들에게 안식을 줄 수 있는 목가적 낙원을 의미하였으며 중세 때 아카디아는 인간이 추구하지만 도달하기 어려운 에덴동산과 같은 낙원을 의미하였다. 르네상스시대의 아카디아는 인간이 서로 사랑하고 시와 음악을 즐기며 행복한 삶을 살 수 있는 아름다운 전원을 의미하였다. 이 아카디아에도 또한 죽음이 존재한다는 인식은 이탈리아 화가인 구에르치노가 그린 그림의 제목, “그리고 아카디아에 내가 있다”로 강조되고 있다. 『아카디아』에 나타난 삶은 시들리 파크라는 아름다운 전원과 그곳에서 이루어지는 다양한 사랑, 시와 음악, 그리고 아무도 피할 수 없는 죽음으로 인해 고전적 아카디아의 삶과 거의 흡사하다. 주인공인 토마시나와 그녀의 가정교사인 셉티머스 사이의 사랑과 토마시나의 갑작스런 죽음은 이 작품을 주도하는 주요한 사건이다. 『아카디아』는 결정론, 자유의지, 반복 연산, 프랙탈 구조, 열역학 법칙, 나비 효과, 혼돈 이론등 다양한 철학적, 수학적, 과학적 이론들에 대한 등장인물들의 대화를 통하여 진리를 탐구하는 삶의 모습을 보여주고 있다. 특히 학습과 지식을 통하여 신에게 가까이 다가갈 수 있지만 삶의 신비를 밝히고 모든 의미를 잃게 되면 공허한 바닷가에 홀로 남겨지게 될 거라는 셉티머스의 대사는 실존의 허무를 느끼며 실존의 의미를 추구하는 이중적인 내면의 모습을 잘 드러내고 있다. 즉 스토파드는 『아카디아』를 통하여, 모든 삶의 끝은 죽음이고 허무할지라도 학습과 지식을 통하여 삶의 신비를 밝히는 것이 아카디아를 추구하는 삶이라고 말하고 있는 것이다. 그래서 아카디아 의 아카디아는 고전적 아카디아의 특성과 함께 삶의 신비를 밝혀줄 진리를 추구한다는 특성을 가지고 있다. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of Arcadia in Arcadia. The concept of Arcadia has changed according to ages. Firstly, ancient Arcadia was the pastoral utopia which could give relaxation to the juvenile shepherds. Secondly, in the Middle Ages, it meant a paradise which had been pursued by humans but was difficult to reach. Thirdly, in Renaissance, Arcadia meant a beautiful rural area where humans could live a happy life, loving each other and enjoying poetry and music. In Arcadia, there was also death. Arcadia by Tom Stoppard is similar to that of in classics because Arcadia also has a beautiful area like Sidley Park, various forms of love among characters, poetry, music and unavoidable death. Especially the romance between Thomasina and her individual teacher, Septimus, and Thomasina’s sudden death are the main incidents leading this drama. And Arcadia tells us that the pursuit of truth is important through characters’ dialogues about philosophical, mathematical and scientific theories such as Determinism, Free Will, Repetitive Operation, Fractal Structure, Thermodynamic Laws, Butterfly Effect, Chaos Theory and so on. These theories are introduced when the characters make conversations. In conclusion, the theme Stoppard wanted to tell us is that even though human beings end in death eventually, and human life is regarded as nihilistic, we try to find the mysteries of life by learning and through knowledge, and it is the life in Arcadia. So Arcadia in Arcadia has not only the features of classical Arcadia but also the enhanced feature of pursuing truth to find the mystery of life.