체제전환이후 사회주의 선행개방국가의 농지사유화 비교연구 - 헝가리 , 루마니아 , 구동독을 중심으로 -

홍성규,김경량 ( Sung Kyu Hong,Kyung Ryang Kim ) 한국농업경제학회 1997 農業經濟硏究 Vol.38 No.2

무역과 환경에 관한 국경조치의 주요 논점

홍성규(Sung Kyu HONG),김용일(Yong Il KIM) 한국무역상무학회 2017 貿易商務硏究 Vol.74 No.-

Environment protectionis one of the important political goals alongwithtrade liberalization. Some of the institutions associatedwithit, however, either hinder trade or exert distorted influence and can arouse trade conflicts eventually. Therefore, harmony between environment protection and trade policy is becoming a crucial issue nowadays. Among the policies for environment, those related to climatic change are regarded asmajor tasks to deal with in theworld commonly. Saying that it is for environment protection, advanced countries impose fines for environment protection on developing countries through border tax adjustments about the items imported from them. However, there is no such agreement about it internationally, so disputes often arise regarding what extent is appropriate as countries cope with it differently in their own way. Disputes about measures for climatic change are highly influential economically, and due to the severe conflicts of interests between states, they often tend to become politicized. Accordingly,we can say that suchdisputes affect international trade basedontheWTOsystemseriously. When it comes to negotiation for climatic change, we should establish international systems urgentlywhich canwork fairly and effectively for all the countries joining in it. Therefore, it is important to examine the treatment of trade restriction measures intended to solve climatic change in international negotiations and establish definite conditions about which measures are allowed and which are not. Inconclusion,we shoulddevise rules for environment protectioninternationally which all the countries in the world can accept and agree on and alsomake the definite criteriaof interpretationaswell.Also, throughthose traderegulations,we shouldbeabletoaccomplishenvironment protectiongloballyandat the sametime produce synergy, that is, economic growth through trading.

The Security Exceptions and Trade Restrictions in the WTO System

홍성규(Sung-kyu, Hong) 한국국제상학회 2019 國際商學 Vol.34 No.3

본 논문은 국제적으로 핵심이슈가 되고 있는 안보예외(security exceptions)의 해석과 적용범위에 관하여 선행연구에 따른 이론과 최근의 관련사례를 명확하게 분석하여 시사점을 제시하는데 목적을 두고 있다. GATT 제21조(안보예외)는 무역자유화의 이익과 정당한 국내정책의 실시에 따른 무역제한을 조정하는 역할을 하고 있다. WTO체제에서 유지되고 있는 무역자유화의 원칙은 어떠한 경우일지라도 회원국 모두의 경제적 이익을 보장하기 위한 조치이지만, 국가안보를 위해서는 일정한 예외가 허용되어야 할 것이다. 그러나 WTO협정위반에 대한 면책을 너무 쉽게 허용하면 자유무역체제가 붕괴되는 경우도 있게 된다. 회원국의 이해를 조정하여 실효적인 자유무역체제를 구축하기 위해서는 GATT 제21조(안보예외)의 명확한 해석과 적용이 필요한 경우라고 할 수 있다. 결론적으로 주권국가의 입장에서 보면 국가안보는 매우 중요하기 때문에 GATT 제21조(안보예외)에 관한 자기판단적인 문언을 제한적으로 적용하는 것으로 하여 일정의 재량은 인정되어야 할 것이다. 그러나 안보예외를 과도하게 넓게 인정하면 각국의 안보예외 조치의 남용을 막을 수 없게 되어 새로운 보호무역주의의 태동으로 세계무역을 위축시킬 수 있으며, WTO의 중심축이 되고 있는 다자적 무역체제의 공동화를 초래할 우려가 있으므로 안보예외의 적용은 매우 객관적이고 신중하게 처리되어야 할 것이다. Purpose : The purpose of this paper is to summarize the theories related to security exceptions, analyze the relevant cases, and present implications. Research design, data, methodology : The existing prior study was analyzed theoretically for research, and the relevant cases that occurred in the WTO system were analyzed in literature. Results : Article 21(Security Exceptions) of the GATT serves to coordinate trade restrictions based on the benefits of trade liberalization and due implementation of domestic policies. The principle of trade liberalization maintained in the WTO system is, in any case, a measure to ensure the economic interests of all member states, but for national security, some exceptions will have to be allowed. However, if it becomes too easy to allow exemptions for violations of WTO agreements, the free trade system will sometimes collapse. It can be said that in order to coordinate the interests of the Member States to establish an effective free trade regime, a clear interpretation and application of Article 21(Security Exceptions) of the GATT is required. Conclusions : In conclusion, from the perspective of a sovereign state, national security is very important. Therefore, a certain extent of discretion will have to be recognized by applying the self-judging clause in Article 21(Security Exceptions) of the GATT in a limited way. But the application of security exceptions will have to be handled very carefully, as excessive recognition of security exceptions will prevent countries from abusing their security exceptions, which could dampen global trade with a new wave of protectionism, and could lead to the hollowing out of the multilateral trading system that has become the centerpiece of the WTO.

무역기술장벽(TBT)으로서 미국의 표준화제도가 국제무역정책에 미치는 영향

홍성규(Sung-Kyu Hong) 한국국제상학회 2021 國際商學 Vol.36 No.4

본 논문에서는 무역기술장벽(Technical Barriers to Trade: TBT)으로서 미국의 표준화정책에 관하여 정책적 관점에서 국제무역정책에 미친 영향을 분석하여 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 대부분의 개발도상국들은 자국의 표준을 국제표준에 부합되도록 노력하고 있으나, 미국 등 선진국들은 자국의 표준을 국제표준으로 설정함으로써 자국의 산업경쟁력을 강화시키고 동시에 세계무역질서를 선도해 나가고 있다. 미국은 새롭게 체결하는 FTA를 통하여 WTO TBT협정상의 권리와 의무를 기본으로 적용하면서 FTA상대국에 적용될 규범과 절차를 보다 구체화하고 명료화하여 실효성을 높이는 전략을 추구하고 있다. 이와 같이 미국이 FTA 등의 경제협정을 통하여 미국의 표준화전략을 확대적용해 나감으로써 산업계를 선도하고 국제적 우위를 차지하겠다는 TBT+전략은 결국 경제소국 및 개발도상국들에게는 미국의 표준화전략을 수용하면서 자국의 이익을 극대화하기 위한 노력을 배가시키고 있다. 우리나라는 표준화 제도의 종합적인 개혁을 추진할 때 미국의 표준화체계와 전략의 경험을 살려 최대한의 벤치마킹은 하되 단점은 피해야 한다. 또한 새로운 FTA나 Mega FTA를 체결할 때에는 처음부터 TBT제정에 참여하여야 하며, 표준화가 기업의 국제경쟁력을 강화시키는 도구라는 인식을 갖고 표준화 개발을 위해 노력하여야 한다. Purpose : In this paper, as a Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), the characteristics and implications of the US standardization policy are presented by analyzing the impact of the US standardization policy on international trade policy from a policy perspective. Research design, data, methodology : This paper conducted a literature study on the historical impact of the US standardization system on the development process and trade policy. Results : The TBT+ strategy to lead the industry and gain an international advantage by expanding the U.S. standardization strategy through economic agreements such as FTAs doubles efforts to maximize its interests by accepting the U.S. standardization strategy for small and developing economies. Conclusions : When promoting comprehensive reform of the standardization system, Korea should benchmark as much as possible by utilizing the experience of the standardization system and strategy in the United States, but avoid disadvantages. In addition, when signing a new FTA or Mega FTA, you must participate in the enactment of TBT from the beginning, and strive to develop standardization with the perception that standardization is a tool to strengthen the international competitiveness of companies.

WTO체제 무역기술장벽(TBT)에 대한 실무적 대응방안

홍성규 ( Sung-kyu Hong ) 한국통상정보학회 2019 통상정보연구 Vol.21 No.1

WTO체제의 안정적인 정착과 FTA의 확대로 가시적인 관세장벽은 철폐되거나 점진적으로 낮아지고 있으나, 미국, EU 등 선진국을 비롯한 개발도상국들의 위장되거나 숨겨진 보호무역주의에 따른 비관세장벽(NTB)은 계속 급증하고 있다. 그동안 무역기술장벽(TBT)은 각국의 국내문제로 인식하여 왔으며, GATT/WTO에서는 크게 논의되지 않았으나, 최근에는 비관세장벽으로서의 역할이 증가함에 따라 이를 규율하기 위한 논의가 활발하게 진행되고 있다. WTO협정에 포함된 TBT협정은 기술규정, 표준, 적합성평가절차로 구성되어 있으며, 각국의 기술규제에 대하여 일정한 가이드라인을 제공하고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 TBT협정의 특성과 내용을 이론적으로 분석한 후, 국내업계가 외국정부의 무역제한적인 조치에 직면한 경우 TBT협정을 어떻게 활용하여야 하는지를 실무적으로 설명하고, 또한 정부와 공조하여 TBT협정을 효과적으로 활용하는 방법을 모색하였다. 결론적으로 TBT에 관한 연구는 우리나라 기업의 수출증대와 해외시장 개척에 크게 일조할 것이며, 국제표준화에 부합하는 국내표준화정책을 추진하도록 함으로써 수출상대국의 기준·인증제도 등 보호무역주의적인 TBT를 극복하는 방안이 될 것이다. With the stable settlement of the WTO system and the extension of the FTA, visible tariff barriers have been either abolished or lowered gradually; however, Non-Tariff Barriers(NTB) have been increasing rapidly and continuously according to the disguised or hidden protectionism of developing countries as well as advanced countries including the US and EU. Previously, Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT) were regarded as domestic matters in each country and hardly discussed by the GATT/WTO; however, as their roles of NTB are increasing lately, they are disusing actively to regulate them. TBT Agreement included in WTO agreements consists of technical regulations, standards, and conformity assessments, and a fixed guideline is provided for technical control in different countries. Accordingly, this researcher here has analyzed the characteristics and contents of TBT Agreement theoretically and then explained how domestic industry should utilize TBT Agreement practically when any facing foreign government’s restrictive trade measures and sought ways to use TBT Agreement effectively through cooperation with the government. In conclusion, it is expected that research on TBT will contribute significantly to the increase of exportation of Korean companies as well as the exploitation of overseas markets. It will also allow us to promote domestic standardization policy conforming to international standardization; therefore, we will be able to overcome the protectionist TBT of our partners in exportation such as their criteria and certificate systems.

국제상사계약에 관한 UNIDROIT원칙에 있어서 이행곤란(Hardship)의 법리

홍성규(Hong, Sung Kyu),김용일(Kim, Yong Il) 한국무역상무학회 2013 貿易商務硏究 Vol.57 No.-

In the international sales contract, long-term contracts often face hardship in fulfilling the original contract terms by relevant parties due to rapid change and uncertainty of political and economic circumstance. In this case, party who faces hardship of fulfillment terminates contract or demands adaptation to contract condition but if opponent doesn't accept this, it proceeds to commercial dispute needing legal interpretation. Generally it is wise to set forth governing law in contract between parties in the case of international contract, for legal stability. One of universal governing law which relevant parties select by agreement to solve economical hardship of fulfillment is PICC. PICC defines the hardship in detail for renegotiation on following hardship of fulfillment unexpected. In the case of failing renegotiation, Court(arbitral tribunal) conducts termination to contract or adaptation to contract condition through arbitration or mediation. In conclusion, when signing international long-term contract, it is desirous to handle dispute effectively by inserting provisions which can deal with economical hardship in contract or defining PICC as governing law in the case of hardship incurred. It is because it is realistic to handle dispute smoothly to the extent that both parties can be satisfied in the case of hardship incurred, though international contract should be fulfilled.

투자자-국가간 분쟁해결제도의 문제점과 대응방안

홍성규(Sung Kyu HONG) 한국무역상무학회 2015 貿易商務硏究 Vol.68 No.-

Investor-State Dispute Settlement(ISDS) grants a foreign investor the right to access an international arbitrator, if he believes actions taken by a host government are in breach of commitments made in an investment agreement or an investment treaty. The arbitration procedure of ICSID is made specifically to resolve investment disputes, so most of investment disputes have been settled in accordance with the procedure. Owing to limitation of dispute settlements through the ICSID arbitration procedure, several investment dispute conciliation schemes have been emerged as alternatives. In the case of a conciliation, the conciliation procedure will be in progress based on arbitrary agreement between parties, and if both parties agree on a conciliation program, then the arbitrary execution rate is relatively higher than that of arbitration procedures. In addition, it is evaluated that the time duration of conducting a conciliation procedure is in general rather short in 8 to 24 months, and its incumbent cost is also rather inexpensive. Most of all, through amicable settlement of a dispute between a foreign investor and a host state, the foreign investor may continue his investment activities without a hitch, while the host state may invite more investment without any risk of losing its external credibility. In conclusion, it is desirable to lead any investment dispute between a foreign investor and a host state settle in accordance with the dispute settlement procedure as specified in the relevant investment agreement. In addition, to make the foreign investor continue his investment activities, it will be necessary to provide a separate investment dispute conciliation system aside from such arbitration procedures to cope any unexpected incident flexibly.

나노소재를 이용한 유기염료 광촉매 분해 반응

홍성규 ( Sung Kyu Hong ),유구용 ( Gu Yong Yu ),임충선 ( Chung Sun Lim ),고원배 ( Weon Bae Ko ) 한국고무학회 2010 엘라스토머 및 콤포지트 Vol.45 No.3

실온의 초음파 조건에서 질산 아연과 수산화 나트륨을 각각 물과 알코올 용액에서 반응시켜 산화 아연(ZnO) 나노입자를 합성하였다. 풀러렌(C60)과 ZnO 나노입자들은 전기로를 이용하여 각각 700 ℃ 에서 2 시간 동안 가열하였다. 풀러렌(C60)과 ZnO 나노입자들의 형태와 광학성질은 XRD, SEM, TEM 과 UV-vis spectroscopy를 이용하여 분석하였다. 가열한 C60과 ZnO 나노입자, 비가열한 C60과 ZnO 나노입자를 각각 methylene blue(MB), methyl orange(MO), rhodamine B(RhB)용액에서 UV-vis spectroscopy를 사용하여 광촉매 분해반응을 연구하였다. Zinc oxide(ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesized by reacting an aqueous-alcoholic zinc nitrate solution to sodium hydroxide under ultrasonic irradiation at room temperature. The fullerene(C60) and ZnO nanoparticles were heated individually in an electric furnace for two hours at 700 ℃. The morphology and optical properties of the C60 and ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and ultraviolet/visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activity of the heated and unheated the C60 and ZnO nanoparticles for the decomposition of methylene blue(MB), methyl orange(MO) and rhodamine B(RhB) was examined using UV-vis spectroscopy.

국제물품매매계약에서 신의성실의 원칙에 관한 연구

홍성규(Sung-kyu, Hong) 한국국제상학회 2016 國際商學 Vol.31 No.4

신의성실의 원칙(신의칙)은 상거래 당사자를 규율하는 사법관계의 기본원칙으로 계약의 준비단계에서부터 성립, 이행, 종료에 이르는 모든 과정에서 계약당사자의 신뢰에 어긋나지 않도록 성실하게 행동하여야 한다는 법리(rules of law)를 말한다. 본 논문에서는 국제물품매매 계약에서 신의칙에 관한 기본구조와 국제거래의 안정을 위해 이를 규정하고 있는 국제규칙을 분석하였다. 또한 국제거래에서 발생하였던 대표적인 사례를 분석함으로서 신의칙에 나타난 문제점을 도출하고, 이에 따른 시사점을 제시하였다. 결론적으로 국제거래에서 발생하는 상사분쟁을 예방하거나 효율적으로 해결하기 위해서는 신의칙에 관한 개념을 명확하게 정립하 고, 국제적인 통일기준을 확립하여야 한다. 또한 신의칙에 관한 판례의 축적을 통해 국제상 거래 당사자의 책임문제를 명확히 설정하여야 한다. Purpose : The purpose of this study is to analyze the basic frame of principle of good faith on the contracts for the international sale of goods and also the contents and characteristics of CISG, PICC, and PECL which the principle is grounded on. Also, this study is going to analyze Enron’s case, one of the most typical events that took place in international commercial transactions, in order to figure out problems in principle of good faith and provide implications based on that. Research design, data, methodology : This paper uses the literature research and Case analyzes as to the principle of good faith on the contracts for the international sale of goods. Results : The principle of good faith is the basic principle of judicial relations to regulate the parties concerned in commercial transactions. It refers to the rules of law defining those concerned in the contract shall act faithfully according to confidential relationship with the other party in the entire steps of contracting from preparation up to formation, performance and termination. However, the principle of good faith is quite problematic since the concept is unclear and abstract, and it has led to a lot of different opinions in interpretation. Therefore, it is needed to establish the concept of it clearly. In addition, in international commercial transactions, not domestic-level but international-level principle of good faith is necessary, so as Lex mercatoria, more global rules for commercial transactions should be designated as applicable law. Also, to settle down the issues of principle of good faith associated with individual cases more reasonably, it is needed to utilize both precedents and D/B that have been accumulated up to now more positively. Conclusion : In order to solve problems related to principle of good faith in international commercial transactions, we should establish the concept of it clearly in an international level and also analyze precedents thoroughly and provide unified criteria for it.

The Characteristics and Evaluation of National Treatment in the World Trade Organization

Sung-kyu Hong(홍성규) 한국국제상학회 2018 國際商學 Vol.33 No.4

Ⅰ. 서 론 Ⅱ. 국제통상규범으로서 내국민대우의 기능 Ⅲ. 국제통상규범으로서 내국민대우의 법원(source of law) Ⅳ. 내국민대우의 사례분석 및 한계성 Ⅴ. 결 론 참고문헌 내국민대우는 최혜국대우와 함께 WTO체제를 유지하는 무차별의 기본원칙으로 되어 있다. 즉 내국민대우는 수입제품에 대하여 적용되는 내국세나 국내규제와 관련하여 동종의 국내제품에 부여하는 대우보다 불리하지 않은 대우를 해주어야 한다는 원칙을 말한다. 따라서 내국민대우는 국내제품과 수입제품에 대하여 평등한 경쟁조건을 제공하고 자유무역을 촉진하는 역할을 하게 된다. 또한 위법적이지 않은 범위내에서 회원국이 자유롭게 국내규제조치를 제정할 수 있도록 하고 있다. 내국민대우는 최혜국대우나 관세양허 등과는 달리 WTO회원국의 국내정책이 보호무역주의적인 정책으로 변질되는 것을 차단하는 것으로서, 보호무역주의와는 직접적인 관련성이 적은 환경, 조세, 기술규정 등과 결부되어 나타나는 경우에는 그 진의를 파악하기가 어렵다는 점에서 통상 분쟁의 소지가 많다. 그리고 내국민대우는 국내의 모든 대외정책들에 영향을 미치며, 이를 어떻게 해석하고 적용하느냐에 따라 상대방 국가의 통상정책에도 영향을 미친다. 따라서 내국민대우에 관한 해석과 관련 사례의 분석은 국제통상관계에서 중요한 의의를 가지며 통상분쟁의 예방과 해결에도 기여한다.