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미국 공적연금(Social Security) 수급구조 개혁방안들의 소득재분배효과
홍백의 한국사회복지연구회(서울대학교 사회복지연구소) 2001 사회복지연구 Vol.18 No.1
In recent years, Social Security is under scrutiny for reform due in part to fiscal imbalance projected in the near future. In this circumstance, many experts on the program proposed various reform options based an their own perpectives. This study investigates redistributive effects of six reform options which has a direct or indirect impact on taxes and benefits This study utilizes the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), in which the 26 single-year family files are merged with the cross-year individual files for the years 1968 to 1993. The sample is comprised of 1,506 individuals who have remained in the PSID sample for the entire period and whose relationship to head of households is either husband or wife for the entire period. Multiple imputation method is used to impute earnings for the years beyond the sample period. Also, this study utilizes the Gini decomposition technique to examine redistributive impact of various reform options in the three plans. The results indicate that in terms of moneys worth, changing the benefit formula yields the largest reduction of net transfers, followed by the cost-of-living adjustments, and increasing the normal retirement age. Meanwhile, increasing payroll tax and extending the computation period have little impact on the amount of net transfer. In terms of the extent of progressivity, changing the spouse and survivor benefits show the most desirable properties, since the extent of progressivity sustains after this reform, whereas all other reform options make the pattern of income distribution less progressive by reducing the amount of net transfers. In terms of redistributive effects, changing the spouse and survivor benefits, the cost-of-living adjustments, and adjusting the benefit formula involve horizontal inequity in favor of low income families, whereas other options have quite substantial proportion of horizontal inequity in favor of high income families. Thus, it seems necessary for researchers to consider these three aspects together in evaluating reform options. Finally, this study concludes with a summary on its findings and policy implications.
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Trends of Income Inequality Among the Elderly in Korea
홍백의,김혜연,이해영 한국사회복지학회 2012 Asian Social Work and Policy Review Vol.6 No.1
This study investigates the overall trend of inequality among the elderly in Korea and toexamine what the most influential factor is for these changes. Although inequality amongthe elderly is far greater than it is for any other group, little attention has been given tohow inequality changes over time. Used are data from the Urban Household Survey withfive-year intervals from 1986 to 2006. The results show that inequality within a cohortincreases over time and that earnings and benefits from occupational retirement plansare the most influential factors on overall inequality changes. In addition, the impact ofpublic transfers has gradually increased during the past twenty years. The results implythat our society needs to enact a social policy for lessening earnings inequality in thelabor market and to increase public transfers for the elderly.
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빈곤의 여성화(feminization of poverty)
홍백의(Hong Baeg-Eui),김혜연(Kim Hye-Youn) 한국사회복지학회 2007 한국사회복지학 Vol.59 No.3
본 연구의 목적은 한국에서 빈곤의 여성화 경향이 실제로 나타나고 있는지 또한 빈곤의 여성화 경향이 실제로 있다면 그 원인은 무엇인지를 밝히는 것이다. 연구의 자료로는 1998년부터 2005년까지 8개년도의 한국노동패널 데이터를 이용하였으며, 분석대상은 18세 이상 남성과 여성 개인을 분석단위로 하였다. 본 연구의 결과에 의하면, 1998년 이래 우리나라에서 빈곤의 여성화가 나타나고 있으며 그 경향이 더욱 심화되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 이러한 여성의 빈곤화 경향에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴본 결과, 횡단면 분석에서는 교육수준과 노동형태가 유의한 영향을 미쳤으나 종단면 분석에서는 가구원 수나 가구 내 취업자 수 같은 가구형태 관련 변수가 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이를 통해 여성의 빈곤화 경향을 완화시키기 위해 여성의 노동시장내 차별을 막는 제도적 장치의 마련과 시민권적 개념에 기초한 소득보장 프로그램의 마련 등이 시급하게 필요한 것으로 나타났다. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether "the feminization of poverty" is under process in Korea and what factors are key determinants of these trends. The Korean Labor and Income Panel Study from 1998 to 2005 is used and the sample includes all individuals who aged 18 or more. The results show that the feminization of poverty is still under process since 1998 and the economic status of females is getting worse compared to their counterparts. Regarding the causes of these trends, the level of education and type of employment are significant predictors for explaining the feminization of poverty in cross-sectional data analysis. In the longitudinal analysis, however, the number of persons in households and the number or working persons have significant influences on the feminization of poverty. It is urgently necessary to enact social policies preventing discriminations against females in the labor markets and to introduce social welfare benefits for females based on citizenship. In addition, the welfare benefits for the elderly are also necessary because their economic status is the worst among all age groups.
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홍백의(Hong Baeg-Eui) 한국사회복지학회 2005 한국사회복지학 Vol.57 No.4
본 연구는 한국노동패널조사 자료를 이용하여 과거의 고용형태와 직종 그리고 생애근로기간 등이 노후의 빈곤여부 및 경제적 상태에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 노후 빈곤에 관한 기존 연구들은 성별, 연령과 같이 노후 빈곤이 발현된 이후의 대리변수들에만 관심을 갖고 직접적 원인인 과거의 노동경험이 노후빈곤에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 간과하였다. 분석결과, 최종 직종과 고용형태가 노후 빈곤 및 경제적 상태에 매우 유의미한 영향을 미쳤으며, 성별이나 결혼형태 등은 과거 노동경험의 영향을 통제할 경우 유의미한 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 드러났다. 이처럼 과거 노동경험이 노후빈곤과 직접적으로 연관되어 있기 때문에 현행 공적연금의 급여를 기여에 기초한 것 뿐 아니라 시민권에 기초한 급여형태로 전환하여 노후빈곤을 방지하여야 할 것이다. This study investigates whether previous experiences in the labor market such as previous employment type and job type are related to the economic status and poverty in the elderly in Korea. Previous studies are limited in explaining the causes of poverty by using only the proxy variables such as age, marital status, and gender to classify the poverty status of the elderly after poverty has been identified. Therefore little is known about how the economic well-being after retirement is interrelated with previous job experiences in the labour market. <br/> The results indicate that the last job type and type of employment are significant predictors for the economic status of elderly. Job type in the labour market is critical for the lifetime economic status of an individual. These findings imply that we might need to reconsider the current public pension system which directly relates the benefit level to the amount of contribution. A system introducing a basic pension or a minimum pension benefit based on the citizenship or residence might be an alternative worth to consider.
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