여재를 이용한 인공습지 유출수 추가처리

함종화,김형중,김영경 한국습지학회 2009 한국습지학회지 Vol.11 No.2

본 연구는 인공습지 유출수를 추가처리하기 위해 다양한 재료를 이용한 추가처리시설의 적용가능성을 분석하였다. 석문담수호 유입부에 설치된 인공습지 중 무식재구, 갈대식재구, 부들식재구의 하단 배수로(폭 0.3m, 수심 0.35 m)에 각각 제강슬래그, 활성탄, 굴폐각을 이용해 1.0 m 길이로 추가처리시설을 설치하였으며, 각 후처리시설별로 유입유량을 다르게 적용하였다(제강슬래그 63 m3/day; 활성탄 19 m3/day; 굴폐각 81 m3/day). 제강슬래그, 활성탄, 굴폐각의 COD 처리율은 각각 6 %, 24 %, 1 %로 나타났으며, 제거량은 32, 30, 5 g/day로 나타나, 모든 추가처리시설에서 유기물제거에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. T-N과 T-P의 제거효율은 활성탄에서 24 %와 4 %로 효과적이었으나, 제강슬래그 및 굴폐각에서는 효과가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로부터 추가처리시설을 상대적으로 영양물질제거에 효과적인 인공습지와 연계하여 운영할 경우 영양물질 및 유기물을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. Further treatment facility using various filter materials was evaluated to treat effluent of constructed wetland. Further treatment facility was installed with 1m length in outlet of 3 constructed wetland (unplanted constructed; reed bed constructed wetland; cattail bed constructed wetland) using 3 filter materials (slag, activated carbon, oyster shell). Flow rate of three further treatment facility was 63 m3/day (slag), 19 m3/day (activated carbon), and 81 m 3/day (Oyster shell). COD removal rate of slag, activated carbon, and oyster shell was 6 %, 24 %, 1 %, and removal mass was 32 g/day, 30 g/day, and 5 g/day, respectively. All of further treatment facility was effective to removal organic materials. T-N and T-P removal rate of activated carbon was 24 % and 4 %, and slag and oyster shell was not effective to remove T-N and T-P. Overall, further treatment facility was effective to remove organic mater, constructed wetland combined with further treatment facility can remove nutrient and organic matters effectively.

인공습지를 이용한 하구담수호 유입하천수 수질개선 현장실험결과 분석

함종화,윤춘경,구원석,김형철,신현범,Ham, Jong-Hwa,Yoon, Chun-G.,Koo, Won-Seok,Kim, Hyung-Chul,Shin, Hyun-Bhum 한국농공학회 2004 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.46 No.5

Wetland system is widely accepted as one of natural water purification systems around the world for nonpoint sources pollution control. Constructed wetlands have become a popular technology for treating contaminated surface and waste water. In this study, the field experiment to reduce nonpoint source pollution loadings from polluted stream waters using wetland system was performed from June 2002 to March 2004. Four wetlands were used and the size of each one was 0.8ha. Water of Dangjin stream flowing into Seokmun estuarine reservoir was pumped into wetlands. Inflow and hydraulic residence time of the system was 500 $m^3$/day∼1,500 $m^3$/day, 2∼5 days, respectively. After 2 year operation, plant-coverage of the wetlauds was about 70% from bare soil surface at initial stage . Average water quality of the influent was $BOD_5$ 4.17 mg/L, TSS 18.45 mg/L, T-N 4.32 mg/L, and T-P 0.30 mg/L. The average removal rate of $BOD_5$, TSS, T-N and T-P during the study period was 5.6%, 46.6%, 45.7%, and 54.8%, respectively. Organic ($BOD_5$) removal rate was low and the reason might be low influent concentration. Wetland removal rate of T-P was about 10% higher than T-N. Performance of the experimental system was compared with existing data base (NADB), and it was within the range of general system performance. Overall, the wetland system was found to be adequate for treating polluted water stream with stable removal efficiency even during the winter period. Most of the nonpoint source pollutions from watershed are transported by streams or ditches, and they could be controled by constructed wetland system before entering the lake or reservoir.

연못을 이용한 동절기 인공습지 오수처리수의 추가 처리

함종화,윤춘경,전지홍,김민희 한국농공학회 2002 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.44 No.4

Pilot study was performed to examine the feasibility of the pond system for further polishing of treatment wetland effluent from December 2000 to June 2001. The wetland system used for the experiment was highly effective to treat the sewage during the growing season, but it was less effective and its effluent was still high to discharge to the receiving water body. Therefore, the wetland effluent may need further treatment to prevent water quality degradation. Pond system could be used to hold and further polish the wetland effluent during the winter season and its feasibility was evaluated in this study. Additional water quality improvement was apparent in the pond system during winter season, and the pond effluent could be good enough to meet the effluent water quality standards if it is properly managed. Timing of the pond effluent discharge appears to be critical for pond system management because it is a closed system and whole water quality constituents are affected by physical, chemical, and biological pond environments. Once algae started to grow in mid-April, constituents in the pond water column interact each other actively and its control becomes more complicated. Therefore, upper layer of the pond water column which is clearer than the lower layer may need be discharged in March right after ice cover melted. In the experiment, water quality of the upper water column was markedly clear in March than any other times probably because of freezing-thawing effect. The remaining lower water column could be further treated by natural purification as temperature goes up or diluted with better quality of wetland effluent for appropriate water uses. This study demonstrated the feasibility of pond system for subsequent management of wetland effluent during the winter season, however, more study is needed for field application. 본 연구에서는 동절기 고농도의 습지처리수를 추가처리하기 위하여 연못시스템을 적용하여, 인공습지 및 연못시스템의 농도변화, 연못시스템 바닥에 있는 모래의 화학적 특성변화 및 인공습지와 연못시스템의 연계적용에 대해 분석하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다.1. 인공습지를 이용해 정화조 오수를 처리한 결과 동절기에도 일정한 처리율을 얻을 수 있었지만, 동절기 습지처리수를 하천으로 직접방류하기에는 높은 농도를 나타냈기 때문에 추가적인 처리가 요구되었다.2. 연못시스템에 오수 및 습지처리수를 채우고 실험한 결과, 각 항목별로 겨울동안 상당한 수질개선효과를 얻을 수 있었으며, 4월 이후에는 조류가 크게 번성하면서 대부분의 수질항목에서 다시 농도가 상승하기 시작하였다.3. 연못시스템의 바닥에 있는 모래를 화학분석한 결과 OM, TN, TP, AV. P2O5 항목에서 유기물질, 영양물질 및 조류의 침전에 의해 연못시스템 적용 후에 농도가 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 연못시스템을 장기적으로 운영하였을 경우 침전 및 재용출 기작에 대한 추가적인 연구가 요구된다.4. 인공습지와 연못시스템을 연계적용하여 동절기 고농도의 습지처리수를 추가 처리할 경우, 3월중에 상층부를 방류하는 것이 수질관리에 유리한 것으로 나타났다. 3월초에 상층부만 방류할 경우의 제거율은 BOD5, SS, TP 및 TN이 각각 84.4%, 81.5%, 81.1% 및 76.3%로 나타나서 동절기 습지시스템의 유출수를 추가 처리하는데 연못시스템이 효과적인 대안으로 생각된다.5. 본 연구는 12월에 습지처리수를 저류한 후 수질변화를 관찰한 batch test였으나, 동절기 동안 습지처리수가 연못시스템으로 계속 유입(Plug-flow)될 경우의 수질변화에 대한 추가 연구가 필요하다.

자유수면형 인공습지에 의한 저농도 고유량의 하천수질개선 효과 분석

함종화,윤춘경,구원석,김형철,신현범,Ham, Jong-Hwa,Yoon, Chun G.,Koo, Won-Seck,Kim, Hyung-Chul,Shin, Hyum-Bhum 한국농공학회 2005 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.47 No.1

Wetland systems are widely accepted natural water purification systems around the world in nonpoint sources pollution control. Constructed wetlands have become a popular technology for treating contaminated surface and wastewater. In this study, the field experiment to reduce nonpoint source pollution loadings from polluted stream waters using wetland system was performed from June 2002 to March 2004, including winter performance using four newly constructed wetlands. The Dangjin stream water flowing into Seokmun estuarine lake was pumped into wetlands, and inflow and hydraulic residence time of the system was $500m^{3}{\~}1500m^{3}/day\;and\;2{\~}5$ days respectively. After 3 years operation plant-coverage was about $80~90\%$ from zero at initial stage even with no plantation. Average water quality of the influent in growing season was BOD_{5}\;3.96mg/L$, TSS 22.98 mg/L, T-N 3.29 mg/L, T-P 0.30 mg/L. The average removal rate of four wetlands for $BOD_{5},\;TSS,\;T-N\;and\;T-P$ in growing season was $24\%$, $62\%$, $54\%$, and $51\%$, respectively. And average water quality of the influent in winter season was $BOD_{5}$ 4.92 mg/L, TSS 12.47 mg/L, T-N 5.54 mg/L, and T-P 0.32 mg/L, respectively. The average removal rate of four wetlands for them was $-21\%$. $23\%$, $33\%$, and $53\%$, respectively. The reason of higher BOD_{5} effluent concentration in winter season might be that low temperature restrained microorganism activity and a organic body from the withered plant and algae was flown out. Except the result of $BOD_{5}$, the effectiveness of water quality improvement in winter season was satisfactory for treating polluted stream waters, and $BOD_{5}$ variation was within the range of background concentration. Performance of the experimental system was compared with existing data base (NADB), and it was within the range of general system performance. Overall, the wetland system was found to be satisfactory for NPS control such as improvement of polluted stream water.

자유수면형 인공습지에서 식물식재 유무가 처리효율에 미치는 영향

함종화,김형중,김동환,홍대벽,Ham, Jong-Hwa,Kim, Hyung-Joong,Kim, Dong-Hwan,Hong, Dae-Byuk 한국농공학회 2011 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.53 No.6

Three different types of wetlands (unplanted wetland, reed planted wetland, cattail planted wetland) were constructed at the mouth of Seokmoon reservoir with 910 $m^2$ each to examine the effects of wetland plant on pollutant removal rate in constructed wetland, and operated for 9 years (2002~2010). Water depth of the wetland was maintained at 0.3~0.5 m, flow rate was about 40~200 $m^3$/day, and retention time was managed at about 1~5 days. There was no difference in removal rate of SS, TN, and TP between reed wetland and cattail wetland. Removal rate of SS and TN in planted wetland with reed and cattail were higher than unplanted wetland, whereas removal rate of TP in unplanted wetland was higher then planted wetland. The monthly variation of removal rate in planted wetlands was high compared with unplanted wetland. From the long term monitoring results, SS and TN removal rates of period3 (2008~2010) were higher than period1 (2002~2004) in planted wetland, whereas TP removal rate was decreased as time goes on. Overall, pollutant removal rate in constructed wetland was more influenced by existence of plants than by plant species. Although constructed wetland is operated long term period, SS, TN, and TP removal rate (SS 90 %, TN 60 %, TP 40 %) can be maintained high values.

농업용 저수지 수질모델 (ARSIM-rev) 개발 및 적용

함종화,김동환,김형중,김미옥,Haam, Jong Hwa,Kim, Dong Hwan,Kim, Hyung Joong,Kim, Mi-Ock 한국농공학회 2012 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.54 No.6

Agricultural reservoir water quality simulation model (ARSIM-rev) was developed in this study for water quality simulation of a small and shallow agricultural reservoir with limited observed water quality data. Developed ARSIM-rev is a zero-dimensional water quality model because of little spatial differences in water quality between stations in a small and shallow agricultural reservoir. ARSIM-rev used same water quality reaction equations with WASP except for several equations, and daily based input parameters such as settling rate, release rate from sediment, and light extinction coefficient changed yearly based input parameters in ARSIM-rev. A number of pre- and post-processors were developed such as auto calibration and scenario analysis for ARSIM-rev. CE-QUAL-W2, WASP, and developed ARSIM-rev were applied to Mansu agricultural reservoir to evaluate model performance, and ARSIM-rev demonstrated similar model performance with CE-QUAL-W2 and WASP when low number of observed data was used for agricultural reservoir water quality simulation. Overall, developed ARSIM-rev was feasible for water quality simulation in a small and shallow agricultural reservoir with limited observed water quality data, and it can simulate agricultural reservoir water quality precisely enough like common water quality model such as CE-QUAL-W2 and WASP within a limited time.

불확실성을 고려한 통합유역모델링

함종화,윤춘경,다니엘 라욱스,Ham, Jong-Hwa,Yoon, Chun-Gyoung,Loucks, Daniel P. 한국농공학회 2007 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.49 No.4

The uncertainty in water quality model predictions is inevitably high due to natural stochasticity, model uncertainty, and parameter uncertainty. An integrated modeling system under uncertainty was described and demonstrated for use in watershed management and receiving-water quality prediction. A watershed model (HSPF), a receiving water quality model (WASP), and a wetland model (NPS-WET) were incorporated into an integrated modeling system (modified-BASINS) and applied to the Hwaseong Reservoir watershed. Reservoir water quality was predicted using the calibrated integrated modeling system, and the deterministic integrated modeling output was useful for estimating mean water quality given future watershed conditions and assessing the spatial distribution of pollutant loads. A Monte Carlo simulation was used to investigate the effect of various uncertainties on output prediction. Without pollution control measures in the watershed, the concentrations of total nitrogen (T-N) and total phosphorous (T-P) in the Hwaseong Reservoir, considering uncertainty, would be less than about 4.8 and 0.26 mg 4.8 and 0.26 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively, with 95% confidence. The effects of two watershed management practices, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and a constructed wetland (WETLAND), were evaluated. The combined scenario (WWTP + WETLAND) was the most effective at improving reservoir water quality, bringing concentrations of T-N and T-P in the Hwaseong Reservoir to less than 3.54 and 0.15 mg ${L^{-1}$, 26.7 and 42.9% improvements, respectively, with 95% confidence. Overall, the Monte Carlo simulation in the integrated modeling system was practical for estimating uncertainty and reliable in water quality prediction. The approach described here may allow decisions to be made based on probability and level of risk, and its application is recommended.

물리적 설계인자가 인공습지의 처리효율에 미치는 영향

함종화,윤춘경,구원석,김형철,신현범,Ham Jong-Hwa,Yoon Chun G.,Koo Won-Seok,Kim Hyung-Chul,Shin Hyum-Bhum 한국농공학회 2005 한국농공학회논문집 Vol.47 No.5

The field scale experiment was performed to examine the effect of physical design parameters on the constructed wetland performance and recommend the feasible design of constructed wetland in Korean polder areas. Four sets (each set of 0.85 ha) of wetland (0.8 ha) and pond (0.08 ha) systems were used. Two different wetland systems, a wetland-pond system and a pond-wetland system, were studied to examine the effect of wetland and pond configuration. And two different length-to-width ratios were used, 2: 1 and 0.8: 1, to examine the effect of aspect ratio. A pond-wetland system was more preferable than a wetland-pond system, and also requires a smaller area than a wetland-pond system or a wetland system to reduce T-P. There was no difference in effluent concentration between the 2:1 system and the 0.8:1 system. Although the linear velocity of the 2:1 aspect was higher than the 0.8:1 aspect, resuspension was not a factor in this study due to a very low linear velocity. From this study and other literature review, it was found that design method of paddy rice field could be applied and expanded to the design of constructed wetland in Korea. Further investigation for the detailed design parameters of constructed wetland needs be continued for design method of paddy rice to be applied in full scale.

담수화 개시에 따른 간척담수호 수생태계 변화

함종화 ( Jonghwa Ham ),이승헌 ( Seung-heon Lee ),장규상 ( Kyu-sang Jang ) 한국농공학회 2017 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2017 No.-

새만금호는 수질관리를 위해 한시적으로 해수를 유통 중에 있으나, 향후 담수호의 물을 농업용수로 활용하기 위해 담수화가 추진될 계획이다. 담수화가 개시되면 해수의 유입이 차단되고 지속적으로 유입하천을 통해 담수가 유입되어 염분도가 지속적으로 감소되면서 새만금호의 수생태계에 큰 변화가 나타날 것으로 예상된다. 그러므로 본 연구에서는 새만금호의 수생생물조사 자료와 타 간척담수호의 담수화 전·후의 수생생물조사 자료를 바탕으로 담수화 개시에 따라 새만금호에 서식하고 있는 수생생물이 어떻게 변화할지에 대해 분석하였다. 식물플랑크톤의 경우 2016년 새만금호에서 와편모조류 45%, 규조류 35%, 남조류 19% 순으로 우점하고 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 담수화가 진행 중인 탄도호는 규조류 71%, 녹조류 19%, 남조류 9%의 순으로 나타났고 담수화가 완료된 영암호는 규조류 51%, 남조류 46%로 나타났다. 담수화가 진행되면서 새만금호의 와편모조류는 크게 감소하는 반면, 규조류, 남조류, 녹조류가 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 새만금호의 조간대는 2010년부터 간척지 내부개발을 위해 새만금호의 수위를 저하시켜 조간대가 건조되면서 저서생물이 발견되지 않았으므로 담수화에 따른 영향은 없을 것으로 생각된다. 새만금호의 조하대 저서생물은 2016년 다모류가 61%로 가장 높은 개체수를 나타내고 있었으며, 이매패류가 37%로 많은 개체수를 나타내었다. 담수화가 완료된 영암호와 영산호의 경우 곤충류가 83%로 대부분을 차지하고 있었으며, 고둥류 8%, 갑각류 5%, 빈모류 및 거머리류가 4%를 나타내었다. 새만금호 담수화가 개시되면 염분도가 저하되면서 해산종인 다모류와 이매패류는 크게 감소되는 반면, 담수종인 곤충류가 크게 증가하고 일부 고둥류, 갑각류, 빈모류, 거머리류가 나타날 것으로 판단된다. 2014년부터 2016년까지 새만금호 17지점에서 조사한 어류 자료를 분석한 결과 새만금호의 어류는 개체수 기준으로 해수어 17%, 주연어 59%, 1차담수어 25%가 서식하고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 종별로는 전어가 44%로 제일 많았으며, 멸치 11%, 가숭어 8%, 주둥치 5%, 몰개 5%, 됭경모치 4% 순으로 높게 나타났다. 담수화가 완료된 군내호, 석문호, 해남호, 영산호의 경우 1차담수어의 개체수 비율이 각각 73%, 92%, 94%, 85%로 평균 86%를 나타내었고, 나머지가 주연어인 것으로 나타났다. 새만금호 담수화가 개시되면 염분도가 감소하면서 해산어는 사라지고, 주연어는 감소하는 반면, 1차담수어는 크게 증가할 것으로 판단된다. 특히 염분도 예측결과 담수화 개시 1년 후 염분도가 7psu 이하로 감소하므로 담수화 개시 1년 후에는 해산어가 모두 외해로 이동하여 새만금호에서 사라질 것으로 예상되는 반면, 상류에서 1차담수어가 유입되어 우점 할 것으로 예상된다. 이상의 결과로부터 담수화가 개시되면 염분도가 감소됨에 따라 수생태계는 해산종 중심에서 담수종 중심으로 자연스럽게 변할 것으로 예상되며, 이 과정에서 부정적인 환경문제가 발생되지 않도록 사전에 발생될 것으로 예상되는 환경문제를 도출하고 대응방안을 수립할 필요가 있다.

비점오염원 제어를 위한 인공습지의 계절별 처리효율 비교

함종화 ( Jong Hwa Ham ),윤춘경 ( Chun Gyeong Yoon ),구원석 ( Won Seok Koo ),김형철 ( Hyung Chul Kim ),이광식 ( Kwang Sik Lee ) 한국물환경학회 2004 한국물환경학회·대한상하수도학회 공동 춘계학술발표회 Vol.2004 No.-