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조용호,김태성,길호영,진상호,윤영준,최병석 대한마취과학회 1989 Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Vol.22 No.6
The anesthetic management of patients with pheochromocytoma presents many difficult problems, such as hypertension, cardiac arrhythmias, and hypotension. A 21 year-old male underwent resection of pheochromocytoma under general anesthesia with isoflurane and fentanyl. Hypertensive crisis during induction of anesthesia and surgical manipulation of the tumor were managed with phentolamine and sodium nitroprusside drips. Anesthesia was maintained wtih nitrous oxide : oxygen, 50% : 50%, isoflurane, 0.5-2% and supplemented with fractional doses of fentanyl and vecuronium for muscular relaxation. We also used propranolol for the cardiac arrhythmia. An endotracheal semi-closed circle absorption technique with controlled ventilation was employed. Fentanyl does not release histamine, and has stable hemodynamics. Isoflurane has also advocated on the grounds that arrhythmias are less esaily provocated by circulating catecholamines than with other volatile agents, and has been shown to be a satisfactory agent. Vecuronium does not provoke catecholamine release, does not release histamine, has no autonomic effects at clinical plasma concentrations, and is clearly the neuromuscular blocking agent of choice in this case. Optimal pre-operative preparation, smooth induction of anesthesia, adequate alveolar ventilation, proper cardiovascular control, and good communication between surgeon and anesthesiologist are most important for the anesthetic management of pheochromocytoma.
조용호 한국어문교육연구회 2013 어문연구(語文硏究) Vol.41 No.2
In this essay, I newly interpreted Cheoyong-ga sung in Shilla. Then I analyzed words of the song on the base of the interpretation, and studied how the meaning and emotion of the song were related with a context of the song's folktale. In this series of process, I considered a circumstance of scene of the song and an emotional state of poetic narrater as much as possible. I also focused on the consistency in relating Korean grammar with the literary context of the song. Especially, I concentrated a lot of efforts on the interpretation and analysis of the first and the last line(line 1, 8) of Cheoyong-ga. Next, I analyzed Cheoyong-ga on the base of above interpretation. It was unique that the poetic narrater asked a question to the moon as a direct narratee and to the invader being represented as a god of smallpox as a indirect narratee. On the surface, the poetic narrater continuously asked to the moon in the first question. However the moon as the sig- nificant narratee was substituted with the god of smallpox in the second question. Finally, the narrater actually asked to the god of smallpox, so the question has a powerful force which threatens the god of smallpox. Finally, I analyzed the folktale of Cheoyong-ga and verified that it was related with words of the song. The god of smallpox surreptitiously intruded at night and when Cheoyong's wife was defenseless, raped her wrapped up in a blanket to hide his face. He could not see Cheoyong but listened Cheoyong's song and was extremely terrified because of this sit- uation. Then he ran out of the blanket, sat on his knees and eventually swore that he never intruded into the house in which Cheoyong's face was painted. Cheoyong-ga sung in Shilla implied the meaning of driving away evil spirit as it consisted of threatening words that was gradually powerful. The process of driving away the god of smallpox was involved in the folktale, equally in the words of song. Cheoyong-ga sung in Shilla had shamanistic characteristics when it was originated. 본 연구는 신라 「처용가」를 해독하고, 노랫말을 분석한 뒤, 그 情調와 意味가 설화 文脈과도 상통하는지 고찰한 것이다. 특히 노래가 불린 現場 狀況과 話者의 감정 狀態를 최대한 考慮하였고, 국어의 文法과 문학적인 맥락이 一貫性을 갖도록 해석하고자 하였다. 노래의 화자는 달을 直接 聽者로, 疫神을 間接 청자로 놓고 발화하는 형식을 취하고 있다. 有意味한 청자의 역할은 중간에 달에서 역신으로 바뀌면서 마지막에는 실질적으로 역신을 겨냥한 發話로 성격이 변모한다. 그래서 마지막 언사는 역신을 위협하는 강력한 힘을 지니게 되었다. 처용은 체념하면서 물러나 역신을 감동시킨 消極的 존재가 아니었다. 威脅을 통한 辟邪의 효과는 處容說話에서 동일하게 드러난다. 몰래 처용의 아내를 劫奪하고 있던 역신은 처용의 노래와 춤 소리를 듣고 극단의 공포를 갖게 되었고, 끝내는 그 공포 때문에 이불 속에서 뛰쳐나와 무릎을 꿇고 항복하게 되었던 것이다.