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자궁내막증에 의한 통증에 대한 GnRH agonist와 Levonorgestrel 함유 자궁내장치 (Mirena(R)) 병합 치료의 유용성에 관한 고찰
조문경 ( Moon Kyoung Cho ),김철홍 ( Cheol Hong Kim ),조혜연 ( Hye Yeon Cho ),오성택 ( Sung Tack Oh ) 대한산부인과학회 2008 Obstetrics & Gynecology Science Vol.51 No.3
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (Mirena(R)) combination to GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone) agonist treatment on chronic pelvic pain of endometriosis, hypoestrogenic symptoms. Methods: One hundred twenty eight patients who were diagnosed as endometriosis, were divided into endometriosis without adenomyosis group (n=88) and endometriosis with adenomyosis group (n=40). In 57 of 88 patients who had only endometriosis without adenomyosis, only GnRH agonist for 6 months was injected monthly (Group A). In the other 31 of 88 patients, Mirena(R) was inserted and GnRH agonist for 6 months was injected monthly (Group B). In 12 of 40 patients who had endometriosis and adenomyosis, only GnRH agonist for 6 months was injected monthly (Group C). In the other 28 of 40 patients, Mirena(R) was inserted and GnRH agonist for 6 months was injected monthly (Group D). The degree of pelvic pain, dysmenorrhe, and hypoestrogenic symptoms of each groups were observed and compared. Results: The decreased pain rates of Group B and D were significantly higher than Group A and C (p<0.01), and decreased pain rates of Group D were significantly higher than Group B (p<0.05). The incidence of hot flush, depression and insomnia of 4 groups were not significantly different. Conclusions: Although Mirena(R) combination to GnRH agonist treatment cannot prevent the hypoestrogeic symptoms, Mirena(R) combination increases the treatment effect for pain of endometriosis. Especially, this effect is the more if adenomyosis is combined to endometriosis.
조문경 ( Moon Kyung Cho ),박경호 ( Kyung Ho Park ),민동준 ( Dong Joon Min ) 대한금속재료학회 ( 구 대한금속학회 ) 2009 대한금속·재료학회지 Vol.47 No.5
Recently, manganese nodule has been focused on alternative resources because of its high grade of noble metallic elements such as Co, Ni, and Cu etc. From the viewpoint of an optimization the operating variables for energy efficiency of smelting reduction process, thermodynamic model for smelting reduction process of Manganese nodule was developed by using energy and material balance concept. This model provided that specific consumption of pure oxygen and coke was strongly depended on post combustion ratio (PCR) and heat transfer efficiency (HTE). The dressing and dehydrating process of low grade manganese can be proposed an essential process to minimize the specific energy consumption with decreasing slag volume. The effect of electricity coal base smelting reduction process was also discussed from the energy optimizing point of view. (Received February 7, 2009)
조문경(Moon-Kyung Cho),정주렴(Ju Ryum Chung),이호영(Ho Young Lee) 한국회계정보학회 2016 한국회계정보학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2016 No.1
본 연구에서는 경영자지분율에 따라 기업효율성이 어떻게 달라지는지를 살펴본다. 경영자지분율이 기업에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 경영자 안주 가설과 이해일치가설이 대립되고 있는데, 국내외 연구는 일치된 결과를 보이지 못하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 기업 효율성 측정치를 사용하여 경영자지분율이 경영자의 기업 활동에 미치는 관계를 직접적으로 측정하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 경영자지분율이 높아질수록 기업효율성이 증가함을 발견하여 이해일치가설을 지지하는 결과를 제시하였다. 다음으로 외국인투자자 및 기관투자자가 경영자지분율과 기업효율성간의 관계에 영향을 미치는지 분석하였는데, 경영자지분율과 기업효율성간의 양의 관계를 강화함을 보여 경영자의 잠재적인 안주 행동을 외국인투자자 및 기관투자자가 적절히 통제하고 있음을 시사한다. 또한 경영자지분율과 기업가치간의 비선형관계를 제시한 선행 연구에 따라 비선형을 가정하여 검토한 결과, N자 형태의 관계를 보여 경영자지분율이 낮은 구간에서는 경영자지분율과 기업효율성이 양의 관계를 보이고, 중간 구간에서는 음의 관계를 보이다가 그 이상이 되면 다시 양의 관계를 보이는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 경영자지분율이 아주 낮거나 아주 높은 구간에서는 이해일치가설이 지지되지만, 그 중간인 경우에는 경영자안주가설이 지지됨을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 경영자지분율에 따른 기업효율성에 미치는 경영자의 행동에 대한 이해를 보다 확대시켜줄 것이다. 경영자지분율에 대한 이론에 따르면 경영자지분율은 경영자가 기업 자원을 어떻게 활용하는지를 결정함으로써 기업에 영향을 미치게 되는데, 기존 연구들은 이러한 경영자의 행동을 직접적으로 측정하지는 못하였다. 본 연구는 Demerjian et al.(2012)이 제시한 기업 자원 투입 대비 효익을 분석함으로써 경영효율성을 보다 직접적으로 측정하였으며, 또한 외국인 및 기관투자자 지분율이 이 관계에 미치는 영향을 복합적으로 제시하고 있다는 측면에서 그 공헌점이 있다. This paper examines the association between management ownership and Firm Efficiency. We find that there is a significant positive association between management ownership and firm efficiency. In accordance with the convergence of interests hypothesis, the result supports that firm efficiency increases when management ownership increases. Further, this study presents that other corporate governance factors, such as foreign investor ownership and institutional investor ownership generally strengthen a positive association between management ownership and firm efficiency. This is because both foreign investors and institutional investors render effective monitoring over management. Additionally, we test if there is a significant non-monotonic association between management ownership and firm efficiency following the prior literature which suggest non linear relationship (Morck et al. 1988; Short and Keasey 1999; Gotti et al. 2012; Kim and Kim 2007). The results suggest that firm efficiency increases when management ownership is low or high, while it decreases when management ownership falls in the middle. We find that positive association between management ownership and firm efficiency is weakened when a firm belongs to chaebol (Korean business group), and find no evidence that the relationship differs by the market (KOSPI vs KOSDAQ). This study extends existing literature on managerial behaviors given the issues arising from the separation of ownership and control. Management ownership influence managers decision-making process on allocating firm resources, which ultimately impact firm performance, yet no prior literature directly measured firm efficiency. Using Demerjian et al. (2012) s framework on measuring direct input and output and using Himmelburg et al. (1999) s model to control endogeneity issue of management ownership, this study attempts to address the association between management ownership and firm efficiency. In addition, this study contributes to current literature by combining the influence of foreign ownership and institutional investors in the association between management ownership and firm efficiency