뉴캣슬병 B1 생독백신의 효능비교

정만호 ( Man Ho Chung ),강춘원 ( Chun Won Kang ),노용기 ( Young Ki No ),반진열 ( Jin Yeal Park ) 한국가축위생학회 1990 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.13 No.1

The immune responses of commercial layer chickens against Newcastle disease(ND) were compared among different administration methods and times of vaccination during 4 weeks of age. A total of 372 day-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 93 birds each. Each of 3 groups was received a commercially available B live vaccine via drinking water, eye instillation or spray method at one, 14 and 2 8 days of age. One group was used as an unvaccinated control. At two and 4 weeks after each time of vaccination, 15 birds from each group were collected randomly out and challenged with virulent ND virus at the dose of 105EID per bird. Ten to 15 birds from each group were bled at two weeks intervals from day old to 8 weeks of age for hemagglutination inhibition antibody titer. The protection rate was generally low regardless of the times of vaccination although two or more times vaccination gave higher protection than once vaccination. The low protection was considered due to low titer of the vaccine used since the vaccine titer was less than 103 5EID50 per bird. Spray method gave better protection compared to eye instillation or drinking water method which resulted in lowest response. Majority of birds showed clinical 5igns of ND between 3 and 6 days after challenge. Death occured one or two days after onset of symptoms. Major clinical signs observed were depression (94%), anorexia (84%), diarrhoea (29%), difficult breath (15%) and torticollis(10%). Hemorrhagic lesions on post mortem were seen in duodenum (51%), trachea (36%), illeum (13%), ceacal tonsil(11%), proventriculus(10%) and some other odrgans.

李夏坤의 詩文에 표출된 상반된 心理 고찰

정만호(Chung, Man-ho) 대동한문학회 2018 大東漢文學 Vol.56 No.1

Yi, Ha-gon was a representative literary person in the first half of the 18 th century, and he also received attention from academic circles as a critic of paintings and writings. In the existing researches on Yi, Ha-gon’s life, they ended in organizing his life at most, or evaluated him as a person who loved landscapes while living in seclusion. Actually, it was difficult for this paper writer to agree to the existing evaluation of Yi, Ha-gon while reading through Lee, Ha-gon’s Dutacho(頭陀草) : Yi, Ha-gon’s collection of poetry and prose ; however, this writer intended to do research on Yi, Ha-gon’s literature by bringing light on what sort of a person of thinking he really was through consideration of the contradictory mentality expressed in his poetry and prose. Yi, Ha-gon himself proclaimed that he wished to benefit people of the day, and leave a good name to future generations by engaging in cultivating virtues, and presenting didactic words. In contrast, he made it clear that he would live in the mountains from the age of eight or nine because he was much attached to landscapes. Like this, Yi, Ha-gon was eager for fame, but he was also a person aiming for retiring from the world. Yi, Ha-gon, who failed in the civil service state examination, spent all his life as a person out of the government service. He clarified, “It’s important for a person to lead his/her life in self-contentment[人生貴自 適]”, and accordingly, he spent a life of leisure at Jincheon for a considerable period of time. However, as shown in <Ijayuaesa(李子有哀 辭)> written in 1716, saying ‘Without a person to socialize with while living lonesomely after returning home’[...Jayeogwihyangirae, dumunsoyeon, muyeogwajongja(自余歸鄕以來, 杜門蕭然, 無與過從者,)...], Yi, Ha-gon had to be harassed with loneliness without a person to socialize with. Yi, Ha-gon made hard work of surging loneliness while living in a remote area without a person to mingle with in a state where he didn’t completely give up his will to distinguish himself as an intellectual of the day. The loneliness is displayed in his poetry and prose in other feelings than self-contentment he pursued. In this respect, Yi, Ha-gon is approximate to an unlucky person rather than a true recluse. Yi, Ha-gon left a large number of poems having the contents of soothing his unlucky situation in person, which means what he really wished was not living in retirement but achieving great services and fame through virtue cultivation and conveyance of his didactic words. Eventually, it might be safe to say that Yi, Ha-gon failed in he-wished achievement of great services and fame, but he was a person trying to lead a self-contented life while enduring loneliness in the mountains. Basically, to appreciate and understand a writer’s work, it’s necessary to grasp his/her world of thinking. This writer thinks that because Yi, Ha-gon was a person approximate to an unlucky person other than a recluse doesn’t mean his literary achievements, or status of the Korean literature history falls. This researcher hopes that consideration in this paper could contribute towards the right understanding of his literature. 李夏坤은 18세기 전반의 대표 문인이며 서화비평가로 학계의 주목을 받았다. 기존 연구에서 이하곤의 생애는 일대기의 정리에 그치거나 또는 산수를 좋아하여 은거한 인물로 평가하였다. 「두타초」를 통독하며 기존의 평가에 동의하기 어려웠던 필자는 그의 시문에 표출된 상반된 심리의 고찰을 통해 그가 어떤 사유의 소유자인지 구명하여, 그의 문학 연구에 기하고자 한다. 이하곤은 立德과 立言에 從事하여 당대에 혜택을 끼치고 후대에 명성을 남기고자 하였다고 밝혔다. 반면에 산수를 좋아하여 여덟아홉 살 때부터 산에서 살고자 했다고 하였다. 이처럼 그는 공명심의 소유자이면서도 은거를 지향한 인물이다. 大科에 급제하지 못한 이하곤은 평생 야인으로 생활하였다. 그는 “자적하는 삶이 귀중하다.[人生貴自適]”라고 천명하고, 상당 기간을 진천에서 한가로운 삶을 보냈다. 그러나 1716년에 지은 <李子有哀辭>에서 “귀향한 뒤로 쓸쓸하게 지내며 어울리는 사람이 없다가……[自余歸鄕以來, 杜門蕭然, 無與過從者, ……]”라고 하였다. 知性人으로서 공명 성취의 의지를 완전히 버리지 못한 채 어울릴 사람도 없이 벽지에서 지내면서 밀려오는 외로움에 이하곤은 힘겨워했다. 그 외로움은 그가 추구했던 자적과는 다른 느낌으로 표출되었다. 이러한 점으로 볼 때 이하곤은 진정한 隱者라기 보다는 不遇者에 가깝다. 그는 자신의 불우를 스스로 달래는 내용의 시를 다수 남겼는데, 이는 그가 진정으로 바랐던 것은 은거가 아니라 공렬과 명성 수립이었음을 의미 한다. 결국 이하곤은 자신이 소원한 공명 수립에는 실패했지만 자신이 사랑 하는 산수 속에서 외로움을 견디며 자적하는 삶을 살고자 한 인물이라고 하겠다. 한 작가의 작품을 감상하고 이해하기 위해서는 기본적으로 그의 사유세계를 파악해야 한다. 은자가 아니라 불우자에 가깝다고 해서 이하곤의 문학적 성취나 문학사적 위상이 떨어진다고 생각하지는 않는다. 본고의 고찰이 그의 문학을 바르게 이해하는 데 기여하기를 바란다.

한문 문법을 고려한 고전번역 방법 試論

정만호(Chung Man-Ho) 어문연구학회 2013 어문연구 Vol.75 No.-

본고는 한문 고전을 번역하면서 고려해야할 많은 사항들 가운데 한문 문법과 관련된 내용을 다루었다. 논의 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 한문 문장은 반복을 피하기 위한 문장성분의 생략이 빈번하다. 이는 수사를 고려한 작자의 의도된 글쓰기이므로, 번역자가 의미 전달만을 추구한다면 작자가 의도한 수사 효과를 얻을 수 없다. 따라서 꼭 필요한 경우가 아니면 생략한 말을 명시할 필요는 없다. 그러나 수사보다 중요한 것이 정확한 의미 전달이므로 상황에 따라 생략된 내용을 보충하여 명시할 필요가 있음을 지적하였다. 번역은 話者가 나타내고자 하는 語氣를 정확히 반영하는 것도 중요한 일인데, 한문의 의문문 형식 가운데 일부는 의문문으로 표현하기 곤란한 경우도 있다. 겸양의 수단으로 ‘未知’, ‘不審’ 등을 이용해 의문문을 만들 경우 번역문이 평서형으로 표현될 가능성이 있는데, 원문의 語氣와 일치시켜 의문문으로 표현하는 것이 옳다. 또 수사의문문의 경우 원문을 逐字번역할 경우 국어와 어감이 맞지 않을 수 있으므로 보충 서술할 것을 제안하였다. 한문은 부사어만큼이나 보어의 활용이 활발한 언어이다. 한문의 보어는 국어로 번역하면 처소와 시간, 방법 등을 나타내는 부사어가 되는데, 정도나 수량, 기간 등을 나타내는 보어의 경우 달리 번역된 사례가 있었다. 한문의 보어에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 부사어로 처리하는 노력이 요구된다. This study deals with what is related to Chinese grammar among many things which should be considered in translating Chinese classics into Korean. What was discussed in this study can be summed up as follows: In Chinese sentences, certain sentence constituents are often omitted to avoid repetition. As this is a style of writing deliberately chosen by the author, a translator will not be able to gain rhetorical effects intended by the author if he or she focuses on meaning delivery alone. Thus, a translator doesn't need to indicate omitted sentence constituents unless it is absolutely necessary. However, it is sometimes necessary to indicate omitted sentence constituents in case exact meaning delivery is more important than rhetorics. While it is important to exactly reflect nuance intended by the author in translation, there are some forms of interrogative sentence which cannot be translated into Korean interrogative sentence. Interrogative sentences including ‘未知’ or ‘不審’ as a means of expressing modesty might be translated into declarative sentences, but it is better to translate into interrogative sentences in order to reflect nuance in the original sentence. And it is recommended to translate rhetorical interrogative sentences by supplementing description since the nuance might not agree to Korean when the sentences are literally translated. Chinese is a language which uses compliments as actively as adverbs. Chinese compliments representing place, time and manner must be translated into Korean adverbs, but compliments representing extent, quantity and period are often translated into other parts of speech than adverbs. Based on the understanding of Chinese compliments, people should attempt to translate Chinese compliments into Korean adverbs.

詩文에 나타난 宋奎濂의 思惟 고찰

정만호(Chung, Man-Ho) 우리문학회 2018 우리文學硏究 Vol.0 No.59

霽月堂송규렴(1630-1709)은 宋時烈․宋浚吉과 함께 三宋으로 일컬어지는 인물이다. 그는 병자호란, 明淸의 교체, 禮訟과 換局등 긴장된 환경 속에서 일생을 보냈다. 그동안 송규렴에 대한 연구는 생애와 사상, 경세관, 선비정신 등의 측면에서 단편적으로 진행되었을 뿐 그의 詩文전반에 대한 고찰은 미진하였다. 본고는 송규렴의 『제월당집』에 수록된 시문의 내용을 고찰하여 그가 어떤 사유의 소유자였는지 파악하고자 하였다. 이는 향후 그의 문학을 연구하는 데 중요한 기초 작업이 될 것이다. 송규렴의 詩文을 검토한 결과 세 가지 思惟가 두드러지게 나타났는데 이를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 송규렴은 강한 排淸의식의 소유자였다. 불과 7세의 나이로 병자호란을 겪었기 때문에 전란의 참혹함을 느끼지는 못했을 테지만, 평생 尊華攘夷의 의식 속에서 淸을 소탕해야할 오랑캐로 인식하였으며, 청의 소탕을 소원으로 거론할 만큼 배청 의식이 강렬하였다. 둘째, 兩宋에 대한 존모 의식이 송규렴의 시문 곳곳에 나타난다. 그는 양송을 은혜로는 부자관계, 의리로는 사제관계라 천명하였다. 이런 의식을 바탕으로 甲寅禮訟에서 패하고 처벌된 양송에 대해 백대의 뒤라도 公論의 올바른 평가가 있을 것임을 확신하였다. 셋째, 송규렴은 출사를 부정적으로 생각하지는 않았으나 실제 관직에 머문 기간이 10년 정도에 그칠 만큼 恬退를 지향하였다. 일의 성패는 시기에 달렸다고 생각한 송규렴은 오직 時義에 따라 出處를 정하고자 하였으며, 名利보다는 신념과 지조를 굽히지 않는 명예로운 삶을 지향하였다. 그러나 현실에 대한 관심을 완전히 끊지는 않음으로써 유학자의 참모습을 보여주었다. Jewoldang Song, Gyu-ryeom(1630-1709) is a figure is called ‘Big Three Songs’ together with Song, Si-yeol and Song, Jun-gil. Song, Gyu-ryeom lived his life in a tense environment such as the Manchu war of 1636, Qing’s replacement of Ming, controversy over the mourning system, and changes in state affairs and circumstances, etc. The hitherto research on Song, Gyu-ryeom has been just in fragmentary progress in terms of his lifetime, idea, views of state administration and classical scholar spirit, and actually, consideration of his poetry and prose in general has been incomplete. This study intended to grasp what thought he had by considering the contents of the poetry and prose which are included in Song, Gyu-ryeom’s Jewoldang Collection. This might be the important basic work in doing research on his literature for the time to come. As a result of examining Song, Gyu-ryeom’s poetry and prose, three sorts of thought were found to be remarkable, which are arranged as follows: First, Song, Gyu-ryeom was a possessor of strong consciousness of rejection of Qing. Although he might not feel the brutality of war as he went through the Manchu war of 1636 just at the tender age of seven, Song, Gyu-ryeom perceived Qing as a barbarian, who had to be rooted out, amid zūnhuá rǎngyí(respect for China and expulsion of barbarians) for his life, and his consciousness of rejection of Qing was intense to such an extent as to raise the mop-up of Qing as his wish. Second, his consciousness of respect and longings for both Song, Si-yeol and Song, Jun-gil(hereinafter referred to as ‘both Songs’) appears throughout Song, Gyu-ryeom’s poetry and prose. He made it clear that both Songs were in a father-son relationship in terms of a favor, and teacher-student relationship in terms of fidelity. On the basis of such consciousness, he was convinced that there will be a proper evaluation of public opinion even after hundred generations about both Songs who were punished after being defeated in the controversy over mourning in 1674. Third, Song, Gyu-ryeom didn’t think of entering government service negatively, but he aimed at stepping down from a government post without any pursuit of fame and wealth to the extent that his actual length of government service was not more than ten years. Song, Gyu-ryeong, who thought that success or failure depended on time, intended to make a decision about whether he would practice his experience and knowledge by going out into the world for his successful life, or live in seclusion as a natural man according to time properness; in addition, he also aimed at a honorable life by never giving up his belief and fidelity rather than the pursuit of fame and gain. However, Song, Gyu-ryeom showed his real colors of a Confucian scholar by not completely staying out of concern for reality.

평가 항목 적용으로 본 고전 번역의 실제와 개선 방안

정만호(Chung Man-ho) 어문연구학회 2018 어문연구 Vol.96 No.-

한국고전번역원은 산적한 우리 고전의 조기 번역을 목표로 권역별 거점 연구소 협동 번역 사업을 추진 중이다. 이 사업은 선조들의 문집을 번역하여 현대인은 물론 후손들도 활용하게 한다는 점에서 의미가 크다. 의미가 큰 만큼 만족할 만한 성과를 위해 정성과 최선을 다해야 한다. 본고는 「동문선」에 수록된 記文 가운데 개인 문집 번역으로 인해「국역동문선」과 아울러 두 개의 번역문이 존재하게 된 글을 대상으로 번역 사업의 평가 항목인 번역의 정확성, 표현의 적절성, 주석의 성실성을 적용하여 고전 번역의 실제를 검토하고 문제점의 개선 방안을 제시하였다. 정확성은 번역의 생명이지만 원문의 이해 부족, 脫譯 등으로 인한 오역도 볼 수 있었다. 오역 최소화를 위해 공동번역은 좋은 방법이다. 참여자의 성실하고 책임감 있는 태도, 이견을 수용하는 열린 마음, 우리라는 공동의식, 업무를 분담하려는 희생정신이 있어야만 공동번역의 장점은 극대화될 것이다. 아울러 교감ㆍ표점의 시행, 작품 단위의 세분화된 범위 분담, 번역 사업에 참여하는 번역자 상호간의 자문 기구 결성을 오역 최소화 방안으로 제시하였다. 표현의 적절성 측면에서 볼 때 시제와 존칭의 일관성 결여, 축자역과 원문의 문장구조를 따르려는 데서 발생하는 어색한 표현, 독자가 이해하기 어려운 어휘 사용 등이 문제였다. 번역문의 가독성 제고 방안으로는 대상 독자층 설정과 그 수준에 맞는 어휘 사용, 재번역 의 지침 마련을 통해 기존 번역과의 차별화를 위한 어색한 표현 방지, 탈역에 대한 기준 제시로 축자역에서 벗어난 의미 중심의 표현 유도를 제시하였다. 주석이 없는「국역동문선」에서 성실한 주석의 필요성을 절감하였다. 재번역 자료는 주석을 성실하게 적용하고 있으나, 전거를 인용할 때 원문을 병기하지 않는 것은 독자의 신뢰를 얻기 어렵고, 번역 후속 세대에게 유용하고 편리한 정보가 될 수 없으므로 원문의 병기가 필요하다고 보았다. 또한 주석은 관련 정보의 제시에 그치기보다 문맥 이해에 필요한 설명을 기술하여 독자의 이해를 도와야 한다. 아울러 참조 주석의 지침도 개선이 필요하다. The Institute for the Translation of Korean Classics is promoting the cooperative translation project led by a regional foothold institute with the goal of early translation of our mounting classics. This project is of big significance in that it makes it possible for not only modern people but also our descendants to use the translated collection of ancestors’ literary works. Given the greater significance of this project, it’s necessary for the relative institutes to do their best with utmost sincerity for satisfactory results. This study, targeting two translations which came to exist together with Korean Version Dongmunseon because of translation of a personal collection of literary works among the records included in Dongmunseon(an anthology of poetry and prose), examined the reality of classics translation with the application of the evaluation items of the translation project, i.e. accuracy in translation, felicitousness in expression, and faithfulness of annotations, and presented the problem improvement plan. Accuracy is the life of translation, but this study could find some translation errors due to the lack of understanding of the original, and deviated translation, etc. Co-translation is a good method to minimize mistranslation. The merits of co-translation can be maximized only through a participant’s faithful, responsible attitude, open-mindedness to accept different views, and joint consciousness of ‘We’, and a spirit of sacrifice trying to divide duties. In addition, this study presented implementation of sympathy and a marked point, sharing of the subdivided scope of a work unit, and formation of a mutual advisory organ consisting of translators participating in the translation project as a method of minimizing mistranslation. From the aspect of felicitousness in expression, a lack of a tense and a honorific title, an awkward expression occurring from trying to follow a literal translation and a sentence structure of the original, and use of words too difficult for a reader to understand, etc. were found to be major problems. In addition, this study presented target reader class setting, use of vocabulary in line with their level, and prevention of awkward expressions for differentiation from the existing translation through the arrangement of guidelines for re-interpretation as a readability boosting method, and also presented meaning-oriented expression inducement away from a literal translation as a standard of a deviated translation. This study keenly felt the necessity of faithful annotations from annotation-free Korean Version Dongmunseon. Re-interpretation data were faithfully applying annotations, but this study judged that no use of the original when quoting sources makes it difficult to get a reader’s reliability, and the quoted sources like this cannot be useful, convenient information for the succeeding generation of translation. That’s why it is necessary to use the original together with quoted sources. In addition, annotations should help readers with their understanding by describing explanation for context understanding rather than ending in presentation of related information. Also, it’s necessary to improve the guidelines of reference annotations.

초음파검사(超音波檢査) 및 혈중(血中) progesterone 농도측정(濃度測定)에 의한 도축우(屠畜牛) 유래 란소낭종(卵巢囊腫)의 감별진단(鑑別診斷)

김상욱 ( Sang wook Kim ),박상국 ( Sang Guk Park ),정만호 ( Man Ho Chung ),박장일 ( Jang Il Park ),임종수 ( Jong Su Lim ) 한국가축위생학회 1999 韓國家畜衛生學會誌 Vol.21 No.1

To establish the differential diagnosis and treatment method in bovine ovarian cysts, specially ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, serum progesterone concentration and ulrasonography for measuring the cyctic area, thickness of cystic wall and echogenicity of corpus luteum were investigated in cystic ovaries from slaughtered cows. The incidence rates of ovarian cysts were follicular cyst 69.2% and luteal cyst 30.8%. The incidence rates of 8 various types of ovarian cysts were as follows; 2Ba 32.3%, 2Aa 25.8% and 2Bb 14.5%, respectively. The thickness of cystic wall were 2Bb 3.93mm, 2Ab 3.70mm and lAa 1.93mm and the serum progesterone concentrations were above 1.0ng/ml in 2Ab, 2Bb and lAa, respectively. The cystic area of ovarian cysts with corpus luteum was 288.30mm2, but ovarian cysts without corpus luteum 542.30mm2, and the thickness of cystic wall 2.12mm and 2.40mm, respectively. The serum progesterone concentration was 1.91ng/ml in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum and 1.20ng/ml ovarian cysts without corpus luteum. There was not the correlations between thickness of cystic wall and serum progesterone concentration in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum, whereas, was the correlations in ovarian cysts without corpus. These results indicated that PGF2a analogues can be choice for treating the ovarian cysts with corpus luteum because serum progesterone concentrations were above 1.0ng/ml in ovarian cysts with corpus luteum. In conclusion, it is suggest that ultrasonography is useful diagnose-tic tool for diagnosing and choicing of treatment remedy in cystic ovaries of bovine.

'이'의 용법과 현토

정만호 근역한문학회 1999 漢文學論集 Vol.17 No.-