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全俊洙 又石大學校 1981 論文集 Vol.3 No.-
New England에 정착한 식민지인들(Colonists)의 초기 미국 문학은 Puritanism에 바탕을 두고 있으므로 이 Puritanism이 의미하는 것이 무엇이며, 또 이것이 그 문학속에 어떻게 표현되어 있는가를 고찰함에 있어서 먼저 Puritanism의 배경을 조사하고 Puritan 작가들의 문학적 특성과 그들이 겪은 공통적 상황을 검토하고 초기 미국문학 중 주로 William Bradford와 Jonathan Edwards의 작품들을 분석하여 Puritan 정신을 발굴해보고 그 정신의 유산은 간략히 정리하려 한다.
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결정론과 자유의지의 갈등과 조화 : Nathaniel Hawthorne의 "The Ambitious Guest"를 중심으로
전준수 又石大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.17 No.-
Determinism and man's free will are conflicting in this work and the other at last collapses. This conflict goes through religious and philosophical aspects and Nathaniel Hawthorne suggests harmonious conclusion by mixing both of them. The story opens with the gathering of the Notch family around the roaring fire. An ambitious guest came in for the night, The family members were the imagies of happiness. They met in front of the fire and talked about their future hopes and dreams. The father, though a farmer, wanted be a lawyer, and the young man had his dream of "Earthly Immortality" And other family members expressed their desires while they were talking. At the back of the house the high mountain was threatening to come down and at last there was a slide and the victims rushed from their cottage and sought refuge in what they thought a safer spot. In fact they had quitted their security and fled right into the pathway of destruction. They were all buried there and the bodies were never found. Poets have sung their tragic fate. They died together and there was the kindred of a common fate closer than that of birth. Nature is the agent of determinism and the wailing of the wind suggests an impending doom at the beginning but they were proud of their ability. There is a conflic between determinism and man's free will, It presents a problem in the interpretation of the divine meaning of human affairs and nature. This work appeals strongly to the people studying the way of providence. Determinism includes predestination. providence, and philosophical fatalism. According to Calvin predestination means the eternal decree of God, by which he determined with himself whatever he wished to happen with regard to every man. All are not created in equal terms, but some are preordained to eternal life, others to eternal damnation. God so arranges things:by his sovereign counsel, individuals are born, who are doomed from the woomb to certain death, ad are to glorify him by their destruction. When God elects one and rejects another, it is owing not to any respect to the individual, but entirely to his own mercy, which is free to display and exert because he is merciful: not to show it to all because be is a just judge. On the other hand, man's free will is of varying aspects. Calvin makes little of free will but philosophers make much of it. It is dealt with as reason. Reason is the best ruling principle for the leading of a good and blessed life, provided it sustains itself within its own excellence and displays the strength bestowed upon it by nature. But they state that the lower impulse, called 'sense', by which man is drawn off into error and delusion is such that it can be tamed and gradually overcome by reason's rod. As a farmer the father wanted to be called squire and sent to general court, as a lawyer. The young man said, "I shall have built my monument in this world, Both of them seem to believe in Arminianism or Transcendenutalism without apppealing to the invisible power. They are too proud of their own ability. Their pride deprives them of their modesty and affection. Calvin asked. "why do we presume so much of ability of human nature? It is wounded, battered, troubled and lost." According to philosophers like Plato and Kant man's free will is identical reason which illumines all counsels like lamp. They suppose that it is suffused with divine light to take the most effective counsel and that it excels in powers to wield the most effective command. Appearingly, the family and the yound man have this free will of Arminianism and Transcendetalism. When this free will conflicts with determinism the former collapses. There should be harmony between them the same way as flesh and soul are one in harmony They are complete individuals but when they are mixed together, they are a complete one. The characters in this work represent our humanity and the auther suggests man's future tragedy because the slide sounds like the peal of the last trump. Hawthorne's basic spirit is toward humanity and sympathy, He thinks that man is so frail and sorrowful that we should love and tolerate each other. He insists that frail human beings should be on good terms with porvidence rather than conflict with it, believing we can do anything we want with free will.
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