Effects of 1-Methylcyclopropene on Flower Senescence and Petal Abscission in Dianthus caryophyllus L.

인병천,Josh Strable,Sara E. Patterson 한국원예학회 2015 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.56 No.6

In carnations, senescence initially occurs by inrolling and wilting of petals due to reduced turgidity; this is associated with autocatalytic ethylene synthesis in petals. However, whether petal abscission occurs during flower senescence or is induced by petal wilting is unknown. Here, we investigated this process by determining differences in cellular morphology at the abscission zone and measuring petal turgidity and breakstrength during development in carnations. DcACS1 and DcACO1 played roles in autocatalytic ethylene production in carnations, and changes in these genes correlated with changes in ethylene biosynthesis. DcACS1 and DcACO1 transcripts were upregulated by treatment with ethylene and downregulated by treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Longitudinal sections of flowers at the initial fully opened stage showed anatomically distinct cell layers in the petal-receptacle boundaries, similar to the abscission zone in Arabidopsis, suggesting that petal abscission could occur during flower senescence in Dianthus caryophyllus. Petal breakstrength was relatively low in turgid petals, but increased with loss of turgidity. Moreover, 1-MCP effectively delayed the loss of petal turgidity, and differences in petal breakstrength were unclear after senescence was initiated in wild-type and ethylene-treated flowers. Thus, although petal breakstrength decreased following ethylene treatment, petals did not abscise, even after complete wilting of the flowers.

Effect of Vase Water Temperature and Leaf Number on Water Relations and Senescence of Cut Roses

인병천,장명갑,변혜진,손기철,In, Byung-Chun,Chang, Myoung-Kap,Byoun, Hye-Jin,Son, Ki-Cheol Korean Society of Horticultural Science 2010 원예과학기술지 Vol.28 No.4

절화 장미의 수분관계와 노화반응에 대한 용기내 수온과 엽수의 효과를 조사하였다. 신선한 상태로 수확된 'Red Sandra' 장미의 줄기는 상위엽 2매 또는 4매와 함께 길이 50cm로 정리되었다. 절화는 상온증류수($23^{\circ}C$; AT-DW), 저온증류수 ($7^{\circ}C$; LT-DW), 또는 저온보존용액(LT-PW)이 포함된 용기에 침지된 상태로 환경제어실에서 유지되었다. 처리간의 효과는 절화수명, 화경, 생체중 및 수분흡수량의 변화에 의하여 평가되었다. 수분관계에 있어서 차이는 $CO_2$동화율, 기공전도, 그리고 줄기수분유속(SFR)을 측정함으로써 판단되었다. 수분흡수율은 LT-DW 장미에서 현저하게 증가되었고, LT-PW 장미에서 감소되었다. LT-PW 장미는 실험기간 동안 낮은 용액흡수량을 보였음에도 불구하고, 높은 생체중, 가장 긴 정의 수분균형기간, 그리고 가장 큰 화경을 나타냈다. 2매엽의 장미는 높은 생체중과 향상된 수분 균형을 유지한 결과로 절화수명이 연장되었다. $CO_2$동화율과 기공전도도는 LT-PW에 유지함으로써 현저하게 감소되었고, 엽수의 감소에 의하여 증가되었다. AT-DW장미의 경우, 줄기상부에 비하여 줄기하부의 SFR이 낮았으나, LT-DW 장미는 줄기하부의 SFR이 훨씬 컸다. 이것은 저온수가 줄기내의 수분전도율을 향상시킨다는 것을 나타낸다. 반면, LT-PW 장미는 실험기간 동안 안정된 SFR을 유지하였고, 줄기상부와 줄기하부에서 유사한 SFR 패턴을 나타냈다. 결과적으로 LT-PW와 LT-DW장미는 AT-DW 장미에 비하여 절화수명이 각각 8일과 4일 이상 연장되었다. The effect of vase water temperature and leaf number on water relations and senescence responses was determined in cut roses. Freshly harvested 'Red Sandra' roses were re-trimmed to 50 cm leaving two or four upper leaves and held in one of three solutions: ambient temperature distilled water ($23^{\circ}C$; AT-DW), low temperature distilled water ($7^{\circ}C$; LT-DW) and low temperature preservative solution (LT-PW). Flowers were kept in an environmental controlled room. Treatment effects evaluated were vase life, flower diameter, and changes in fresh weight and water uptake. Differences in water relations were determined by measuring $CO_2$ assimilation, stomatal conductance, and stem water flux rate (SFR). The water uptake rate was significantly increased in roses in LT-DW and decreased in those in LT-PW. While showing lower solution uptake rate during vase period, roses in LT-PW exhibited greatest fresh weight, longest positive water balance duration and largest flower diameter. Flowers with two leaves attached exhibited a higher fresh weight and improved water balance, thereby extending vase life. $CO_2$ assimilation rate and stomatal conductance were significantly decreased by placing flowers in LT-PW, yet increased by reducing leaf number to two leaves on the flower stems. Compared to the upper stem, the SFR of the basal stem of roses in AT-DW was lower, whereas SFR in basal stems of roses in LT-DW was much higher, suggesting that low-temperature water improved the hydraulic conductance in the stems. In contrast, roses in LT-PW had a stable SFR during the experimental period and displayed a similar pattern in SFR between upper and basal portions of the stems. Consequently, the vase life of cut roses in LT-PW and LT-DW was extended by more than eight and four days, respectively, compared to those in AT-DW.

Relationship among flfl oral scent intensity, ethylene sensitivity, and longevity of carnation flowers

인병천,Suong Tuyet Thi Ha,김용태,임진희 한국원예학회 2021 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.62 No.6

Floral fragrance is a vital factor for the marketability of ornamental fl owers, and it may also infl uence fl ower longevity. Despite several studies on the relationship between fl oral fragrance and fl ower longevity, a scientifi c consensus about thisrelationship has not been established to date. To investigate the infl uence of fl oral scent level on ethylene sensitivity andfl ower longevity, we determined the relationship between the mRNA levels of ethylene biosynthesis genes and senescencecharacteristics of low- and high-scent carnation cultivars after ethylene treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that highfl oral scent is related to increased sensitivity to ethylene as a consequence of transcriptional accumulation of the ethylenebiosynthesis genes DcACS1 and DcACO1 in carnations. Flower senescence symptoms responsible for vase life terminationfollowing ethylene exposure diff ered depending on the fl oral scent level; while low-scent fl owers terminated their vase lifedue to brown edges and wilting, high-scent fl owers terminated their vase life earlier due to petal inrolling, which resultedfrom their rapid tissue response to ethylene. The results revealed that the longevity of carnation fl owers is strongly negativelycorrelated with fl oral scent level and ethylene sensitivity and that the initial transcript level of DcACO1 contributed the mostto the vase life of high-scent fl owers. This result suggested that fl oral scent intensity is closely related to ethylene sensitivityin carnation fl owers. High fl oral scent is correlated with a rapid tissue response to exogenous ethylene and consequentlyshortens the vase life of carnation fl owers.

Chrysanthemums morifolium의 유전적 다양성 분석과 표현형질의 평가

인병천,심성철,임진희 한국화훼학회 2015 화훼연구 Vol.23 No.4

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular ornamental species in the world due to the great diversity of flower color and flower head type. There has been increasing demands for various types of chrysanthemums, such as cut flowers, potted plants and bedding plants. In this work, we investigated genetic diversity in 60 commercial chrysanthemum cultivars using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and examined the relationship between clustering data and the phenotypic characteristics of chrysanthemum flowers. Cluster analysis based on 38 phenotypic traits showed that most of the chrysanthemum cultivars were separated into 8 groups according to flower color and flower head type. Of the 150 SSR primer pairs tested in this study, 62 primers were obtained from previous studies, while 88 primers were designed using the unigene sequences of C. nankingense and the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequences of C. morifolium in the NCBI database. Thirteen SSR primers were selected based on polymorphism and banding patterns in a subset of 8 cultivars and used to amplify the DNA of 60 chrysanthemum cultivars. A cluster analysis based on these 13 SSR markers showed that all 60 chrysanthemum cultivars were divided into six clusters according to their flower color. To determine the relationship between the phylogenetic tree and flower color, multiple regression analysis (MRA) was performed with flower color as the dependent variable and SSR markers as the independent variables. The MRA results revealed a highly significant relationship (r2 = 0.903, P < 0.05) between the flower color and the SSR markers. These results will benefit chrysanthemum research community to develop elite cultivars. 국화(Chrysanthemum morifolium)는 다양한 화색과 화형 때문에 세계에서 가장 인기 있는 관상식물 중 하나로서 절화, 분화 및 화단용 등 다양한 형태의 국화에 대한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 SSR 마커를 이용하여 국화 60 품종에 대한 유전적 유연관계를 조사하고, 군집분석결과와 표현형간의 상관관계를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 표현형질 38개를 이용한 군집분석 결과, 대부분의 국화 품종들이 화형과 화색에 따라 8개의 그룹으로 분류되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 사용된 150 개의 SSR 프라이머는 기존연구에서 보고된 62개와 C.nankingense의 unigene 염기서열 및 C. morifolium의EST 염기서열로부터 디자인한 88개로 구성되었다. 국화8품종에 대한 다형성 및 banding pattern 결과를 토대로하여 국화 60 품종의 DNA 증폭에 사용할 13개의 SSR 마커를 최종 선발하였다. SSR 마커를 이용하여 군집분석을 행한 결과, phylogenetic tree에서 국화 60 품종 전부가 화색에 따라서 6개의 그룹으로 분류되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Phylogenetic tree와 화색간의 상관관계를 조사하기 위하여 화색을 종속변수, SSR 마커를 독립변수로 설정한 다중회귀분석(MRA)을 행하였다. MRA 결과는 화색과 SSR 마커간에 통계적 유의성이 높은 상관관계(r2 = 0.903, P < 0.05)를 나타냈다. 본 연구결과는 경쟁력 있는 국화 신품종 육종을 위한 데이터로 활용될 수있을 것으로 생각된다.

Preharvest Environmental Conditions Affect the Vase Life of Winter-Cut Roses Grown under Different Commercial Greenhouses

인병천,서지연,임진희 한국원예학회 2016 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.57 No.1

The vase life of cut flowers is not only determined by differences between cultivars, but also by growth conditions. For instance, the vase life of cut roses that are grown hydroponically during the winter period often ends at an early stage of maturation due to petal wilting or neck bending. In addition, the vase life of cut roses from different growers varies markedly despite identical postharvest conditions. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, the relationship between preharvest environmental factors, postharvest morphological and physiological factors, and the vase life of cut roses were determined. Cut roses (Rosa hybrid L. cv. Fuego) that were grown hydroponically during winter were harvested from three commercial greenhouses in Korea, and the interrelations between the above-mentioned factors and the vase life of the cut flowers were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The vase life of roses varied by 70% among growers in January when the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) differed the most. PCA revealed that preharvest environmental conditions strongly correlated with changes in morphological and physiological characteristics and the vase life of the cut roses. Roses grown under high relative humidity (RH) and low VPD during the winter had less functional stomata and, consequently, higher transpiration from leaves after harvest. This increased transpiration caused shorter vase life in the cut roses. In addition, supplementary lighting, high photosynthetic photon flux, and CO2 supplementation also increased transpiration and, consequently, shortened vase life, although these conditions improved the external quality of the cut roses. Thus, the external quality, i.e., the appearance of the cut flowers, did not directly correspond with the length of vase life of the flowers. This study improves our understanding of the relationship between preharvest conditions and morphological and physiological characteristics and vase life of winter-cut roses.

Using Thermography to Estimate Leaf Transpiration Rates in Cut Roses for the Development of Vase Life Prediction Models

인병천,Katsuhiko Inamoto,Motoaki Doi,박신애 한국원예학회 2016 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.57 No.1

While the flower market has traditionally placed emphasis on the external quality (appearance) of cut flowers, the internal quality (longevity) has become increasingly important for retail marketing and consumers. In this study, we investigated key factors affecting the vase life of cut roses via multiple regression analysis (MRA) and examined the use of thermography for estimating the internal quality of flowers. The MRA results show that the vase life of cut roses depends primarily on, and is affected negatively by, transpiration in the dark, as well as high humidity growing conditions. A strong correlation (r2 = 0.86 in the dark, r2 = 0.82 in the light) was observed between leaf transpiration rate and leaf temperature differences (estimated with thermography). Finally, we developed vase life prediction models using environmental parameters and phenotypic parameters using either transpiration in the dark (VL-model 1) or leaf temperature difference (VL-model 2). The MRA results indicate that no significant difference exists between the predictive ability of VL-model 1 and VL-model 2. Thus, thermography is an effective technique for estimating leaf transpiration rate and is a practical approach for developing vase life prediction techniques.

예냉과 수확시간이 신선편이 결구상추의 호흡, 갈변 및 미생물 증식에 미치는 영향

인병천(Byung-Chun In),김지강(Ji-Gang Kim) 한국원예학회 2008 원예과학기술지 Vol.26 No.3

본 실험은 수확시각 및 진공예냉처리가 신선편이 결구상추의 호흡, 갈변 및 미생물 증식 억제에 미치는 효과를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다 결구상추(Lactuca sativa L. cv. U-lake)를 이른 아침(06:00)과 정오(12:00)에 각각 수확하여 4℃가 되도록 예냉처리한 후 저온 수송하여 실험에 사용하였다. 결구상추는 동일한 가공방법으로 절단 세척 건조 그리고 포장(80 ㎛ Ny/PE 필름)된 후 5℃에서 12일 동안 저장되었다. 결구상추의 CO₂ 발생량을 측정한 결과, 모든 처리구에서 절단 후에 호흡률이 증가되는 양상이었고, 무처리구에 비하여 예냉처리구에서 호흡률이 적은 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 신선편이 결구상추의 저장중 포장백내부의 기체조성에는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 결구상추 중륵에 대한 L*과 a* 값의 측정 결과, 수확시각에 의한 갈변발생에는 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, 예냉처리에 의해서는 갈변이 감소되었다. 페놀함량은 예냉처리에 의하여 감소되었고, 이러한 경향은 변색에 대한 관능평가에서도 유사하게 나타났다. 한편, 미생물수는 가공전에는 무처리(6log)에 비하여 예냉처리구(5.3log)에서 약간 낮았으나, 가공후에는 차이가 없어, 예냉에 의한 미생물 감소효과는 거의 없는 것으로 판단되었다. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of precooling and harvesting at different times on respiration, browning and microbial growth of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. U-lake). Iceberg lettuce was harvested at dawn (06:00) and midday (12:00), cooled immediately to 4℃ by precooling, and then transported under refrigerated condition. Iceberg lettuce leaves were cut, washed, dried and packaged into plastic bags (80 ㎛ Ny/PE) and stored at 5℃ for 12 days. Results indicated that respiration rate increased after cutting in all treatments and was lower in precooling treated lettuce than non-treated one. However, no significant difference in O₂ and CO₂ composition was found among treatments during storage. Precooling treatment was effective in inhibiting discoloration for up to 12 days. Samples treated with precooling had lower total phenol content, and a similar tendency was also observed in the result of discoloration development by sensory test. Although precooling treatment having lower aerobic microbial count (5.3 log) than control (6 log) before processing, precooling did not affect microbial population of packaged samples during storage.

Chrysanthemums morifolium의 유전적 다양성 분석과 표현형질의 평가

인병천,심성철,임진희 한국화훼학회 2015 화훼연구 Vol.23 No.4

국화(Chrysanthemum morifolium)는 다양한 화색과 화 형 때문에 세계에서 가장 인기 있는 관상식물 중 하나 로서 절화, 분화 및 화단용 등 다양한 형태의 국화에 대 한 요구가 증가하고 있다. 본 연구는 SSR 마커를 이용하 여 국화 60 품종에 대한 유전적 유연관계를 조사하고, 군 집분석결과와 표현형간의 상관관계를 조사하기 위하여 수 행하였다. 표현형질 38개를 이용한 군집분석 결과, 대부 분의 국화 품종들이 화형과 화색에 따라 8개의 그룹으 로 분류되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 사용된 150 개의 SSR 프라이머는 기존연구에서 보고된 62개와 C. nankingense의 unigene 염기서열 및 C. morifolium의 EST 염기서열로부터 디자인한 88개로 구성되었다. 국화 8품종에 대한 다형성 및 banding pattern 결과를 토대로 하여 국화 60 품종의 DNA 증폭에 사용할 13개의 SSR 마커를 최종 선발하였다. SSR 마커를 이용하여 군집분석을 행한 결과, phylogenetic tree에서 국화 60 품종 전 부가 화색에 따라서 6개의 그룹으로 분류되는 것을 확 인할 수 있었다. Phylogenetic tree와 화색간의 상관관계 를 조사하기 위하여 화색을 종속변수, SSR 마커를 독립 변수로 설정한 다중회귀분석(MRA)을 행하였다. MRA 결 과는 화색과 SSR 마커간에 통계적 유의성이 높은 상관 관계(r2 = 0.903, P < 0.05)를 나타냈다. 본 연구결과는 경 쟁력 있는 국화 신품종 육종을 위한 데이터로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) is one of the most popular ornamental species in the world due to the great diversity of flower color and flower head type. There has been increasing demands for various types of chrysanthemums, such as cut flowers, potted plants and bedding plants. In this work, we investigated genetic diversity in 60 commercial chrysanthemum cultivars using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and examined the relationship between clustering data and the phenotypic characteristics of chrysanthemum flowers. Cluster analysis based on 38 phenotypic traits showed that most of the chrysanthemum cultivars were separated into 8 groups according to flower color and flower head type. Of the 150 SSR primer pairs tested in this study, 62 primers were obtained from previous studies, while 88 primers were designed using the unigene sequences of C. nankingense and the Expressed Sequence Tag (EST) sequences of C. morifolium in the NCBI database. Thirteen SSR primers were selected based on polymorphism and banding patterns in a subset of 8 cultivars and used to amplify the DNA of 60 chrysanthemum cultivars. A cluster analysis based on these 13 SSR markers showed that all 60 chrysanthemum cultivars were divided into six clusters according to their flower color. To determine the relationship between the phylogenetic tree and flower color, multiple regression analysis (MRA) was performed with flower color as the dependent variable and SSR markers as the independent variables. The MRA results revealed a highly significant relationship (r2 = 0.903, P < 0.05) between the flower color and the SSR markers. These results will benefit chrysanthemum research community to develop elite cultivars.

용기내 저온수가 절화 장미의 수분생리 및 노화에 미치는 영향

인병천(Byung-Chun In),장명갑(Myoung-Kap Chang),손기철(Ki-Cheol Son) 한국원예학회 2007 원예과학기술지 Vol.25 No.4

용기내 저온수가 절화장미(Rosa spp. ‘Red Sandra’)의 수분생리특성 및 노화에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 장미는 수확된 후 각각 저온수(7℃) 또는 상온수(22.8℃)가 담긴 용기에 꽂혀서 환경제어실(온도 23±1℃, 습도60±2%, 광도 20μmolㆍm⁻¹ㆍsec⁻¹)에서 절화수명 종료시까지 유지되었다. 수분흐름의 패턴을 면밀하게 조사하기 위하여, 생체계측장치를 이용하여 수분전도율, 줄기직경, 엽온, 엽경계층저항을 연속적으로 측정하였다. 저온수구는 대조구에 비하여 흡수량 및 수분전도율이 높아서 생체중 증가와 수분균형의 붕괴가 지연되었고, 결과적으로 절화수명이 더 길어졌다. 또한 저온수구는 엽온과 엽경계층저항이 낮았으며, 수분흐름에 따른 줄기직경의 광주기적 패턴을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과로부터 저온수는 절화의 통도저항을 감소시켜서 수분흐름이 빨라지게 하며, 이것은 도관내 기포감소, 수분의 응집력, 증산촉진에 따른 것으로 판단된다. This study was investigated the effect of low-temperature water in a vase on the hydraulic physiological characteristics and senescence of cut roses. Freshly harvested ‘Red Sandra’ roses (Rosa spp.) were held in low-temperature (7℃) or ambient-temperature (22.8℃) water and kept in an environment-controlled room (23℃, 60% RH and 12-h photoperiod at 20 μmolㆍm⁻¹ㆍsec⁻¹ PPF) during the vase period. To closely investigate water flow patterns during vase life, stem flux rate, stem diameter, leaf temperature, and leaf boundary layer resistance (BLR) were continuously measured using phyto-monitoring system. Cut roses held in low-temperature water showed a higher rate of water uptake and a higher stem flux rate than those held in ambient-temperature water, which led to the effective maintenance of fresh weight and water balance, and consequently a longer vase life. Placing roses in low-temperature water also resulted in decrease in leaf temperature and BLR and rhythmic changes in stem flux in accordance with water flow. As found in this study, placing roses in low-temperature water speed up water flow by reducing the hydraulic resistance of cut rose stems. This may be resulted from dissolving the air, increasing the cohesion-tension, and the transpiration rate.

결구상추의 예냉처리 및 수확시간이 신선편이 제품의 품질에 미치는 영향

인병천(Byung Chun In),김지강(Ji Gang Kim) 한국생물환경조절학회 2007 한국생물환경조절학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.16 No.2