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民主政治過程에 있어서 近代的 壓力團體의 役割에 관한 硏究 : 프랑스의 경우를 중심으로 하여
李澤徽 서울 敎育大學校 1972 論文集 Vol.5 No.-
In modern governmental process the roles of pressure groups are growing with more vital implications, while those of political parties are with less meanings. One of the important reasons is the rapid diversification of social interests and the increasing wants for the channels to represent them. Such a changing structure of political process makes me center the attention on the problem of the overall roles of pressure groups. In this article, the French case among many of developed systems is taken for the purpose of the comparative study of pressure group politics. The approach to the problem involved here is carried out with the basic views of Professor Maurice Duverger's thory, which divides the pressure groups into two categories. The first one includes both of "the exclusive groups" and "the partial groups". The sencond consists of the concepts of "the provate groups" and "the public groups". In France there exist actually various kinds of pressure groups, or interest groups. According to Duverger's view, such groups are divided into four kinds of pattern. They are the commercial0-industrial groups, the agricultural groups, the trade union(labor movements), and other groups which are not involved in the three patterns above. It is hard to describe the main impacts of pressure group behaviors on Franch political process, since the general activities of pressure groups are often done in the "camouflage" which is so much conjugated that no social scientists can exactly point to their real functions. Here in this article it is natural to say that the roles of pressure groups are distinct from the ones of political parties. And moreover, the existence of prowerful interest groups poses two difficult questions for democratic theory. The first concerns the relationship of such groups to the political system, and the second deals with the problem of the internal politics of organized groups. Especially there is an broad difference of opinion in relation to the first issue, of groups and democracy. Some scholars present a favorable evaluation of the relationship of pressure groups to representative democracy, and others does not. Unfortunately, social scientists have so far done little to specify under what conditions, and in what patterns of political culture, groups sustain democracy, and in what situations groups threaten democracy. Nevertheless, it may be made clear that, as far as democratic system develops, the roles of pressure groups in the politics are expected to broadly increase.