6-Aminonicotinamide 투여 후 햄스터 척수의 미세구조 변화

양영철,Yang, Young-Chul 한국현미경학회 1997 Applied microscopy Vol.27 No.3

The effects of antimetabolite, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), on ultrastrudural changes in the spinal cord of golden hamster were investigated. Intraperitoneal administration of 6-AN (10 mg/kg body weight) every two days gave rise to a marked reduction of about $30\sim40%$ in body weight after $26\sim28$ days ($13\sim14th$ injection). In the lesions of the spinal cord, neuroglial cells such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes were severely damaged, but neurons and blood vessels were not affected by 6-AN. The myelin sheath was also affected by 6-AN. Vacuoles observed in the lesions were produced by the swelling and degenerating changes of neuropils and neuroglial cells. Numerous swollen mitochondria and cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum were observed in the watery cytoplasm of damaged neuroglial cells, but intermediate filaments were well preserved. Especially in the damaged astrocytes, the outer nuclear membrane were partially swollen and formed a halfmoonlike structure. It is suggested that as well as the multivesicular bodies protruding from the swollen dendrites, the conjugation of adjacent vacuoles also participated in the formation of large vacuoles.

박쥐 맨아래구역 띠뇌실막세포의 Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein에 대한 면역조직화학 및 면역세포화학적 연구

양영철,조병필,강호석,Yang, Young-Chul,Cho, Byung-Pil,Kang, Ho-Suck 한국현미경학회 2000 Applied microscopy Vol.30 No.4

뇌실을 감싸는 뇌실막층은 대부분이 일반적인 뇌실막 세포로 이루어졌으나, 이들 세포 사이에 간혹 띠뇌실막 세포(tanycyte)가 분포하고 있다. 띠뇌실막세포는 일반적인 뇌실막세포와는 달리 뇌의 실질로 뻗은 매우 긴 기저돌기를 갖고 있다. 특히 제3뇌실의 뇌실막층에서 주로 연구된 띠뇌실막세포는 뇌실과 뇌실질의 혈관 혹은 신경세포와의 사이에 물질교환을 담당하는 것으로 추측되고 있으며, 띠뇌실막세포는 일반적인 뇌실막세포와는 달리 glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP)항체에 대해 양성반응을 보이는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구는 면역조직화학 및 면역금표지법을 이용하여 박쥐 맨아래구역을 감싸는 뇌실막층에서 GFAP 항체에 대해 양성반응을 보이는 세포의 분포여부 및 이의 미세 구조를 확인하고자 시행하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 세로 절단한 절편을 대상으로 GFAP 항체를 이용하여 면역염색한 후 광학현미경으로 확인한 결과 맨아래구역을 감싸는 뇌실막층에 GFAP 양성반응을 보이는 세포가 관찰되었으며, 특히 맨아래구역의 목부분에서 양성반응 세포가 많이 모여 있었다. GFAP양성반응을 보이는 세포들은 매우 긴 기저돌기를 갖고 있었으며, 기저돌기에서도 매우 강한 GFAP 양성반응을 보였다. 세포체에서는 주변부에서 양성반응을 보였다. 전자현미경하에서 맨아래구역 띠뇌실막세포는 주로 ependymal tanycytes였으며, 자유면에 소수의 미세융모 및 세포질돌기가 관찰되었으나, 섬모는 관찰되지 않았다. 기저부에 특징적으로 긴 기저돌기를 갖고 있었으며 이 돌기에는 중간세사 및 세로로 길게 달리는 사립체가 발달되어 있었고, 세포체와 돌기에 지방방울이 산재되어 있었다. 금입자를 표지한 GFAP항체를 사용하여 면역 염색한 후 전자현미경으로 관찰한 결과 세포체에서 핵을 둘러싸는 중간세사에서 금입자를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 나머지 핵을 비롯한 다른 세포소기관이나 세포질에서는 관찰되지 많았다. 또한 기저돌기에서도 중간세사에서만 금입자를 관찰할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 본 실험의 결과는 박쥐 맨아래구역 뇌실막층에도 띠뇌실막세포가 존재하고 있으며, 이 세포의 발달된 긴 기저돌기는 띠뇌실막세포가 일반적인 뇌실막세포와는 다른 기능을 동면동물인 박쥐의 맨아래구역에서도 수행하고 있음을 암시하고 있으나 이를 확인하기 위해서 더욱 자세한 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다. There are a few tanycytes between the general ependymal cells lining the ependymal layer of the brain ventricle. These cells are considered as modified ependymal cells which possess a long basal process. Tanycytes are known to have an ability to communicate by absorbing substances from cerebrospinal fluid and transporting them to the blood vessels and/or to the neurons in the CNS. The third and fourth ventricular tanycytes were mainly studied as subjects but it's rare to find reports about the tanycytes of the area postrema. Glial fibrillary acidic protein is an intermediate filament protein that is expressed especially in astrocytes of the CNS. But GFAP is also found in filament of the tanycytes and its process. Therefore this study was carried out for the examination of the GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes lining the area postrema of the bat, and we also examined the ultrastructure of tanycytes using electron microscope. GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes were located in the caudal portion of the fourth ventricle, and especially mainly in the transitional zone between the floor of the caudal fourth ventricle and ependymal layer lining the area postrema. A few GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes were also found in the ependymal layer lining the area postrema, and some groups of tanycytes were found in the ependymal layer of the area postrema near the floor of the caudal fourth ventricle , The processes of tanycytes were stained deeply with anti-GFAP antibody. Especially the GFAP immunoreactive tanycytes lining the area postrema had very long processes that cross the whole width of the area postrema. In the electron microscope, the cell body of ependymal tanycyte was located on the ependymal layer and had a long basal process. Intermediate filaments were observed around the nucleus and well developed in the process of tanycrte. Longitudinal oriented long mitochondria and a few lipid droplets were also found in this process. After immunocytocheical staining, the gold particles were found only in the intermediate filaments. We could not determine the function of the tanycytes in the area postrema. Thus, further investigation is required to determine the functional relationship between the tanycytes and the area postrema in hibernating animal, the bat.

6-Aminonicotinamide 투여 후 햄스터 척수 중심관의 형태변화

양영철,조병필,강호석,박인국,Yang, Young-Chul,Cho, Byung-Pil,Kang, Ho-Suck,Park, In-Kook 한국현미경학회 1997 Applied microscopy Vol.27 No.2

Hydrocephalus is induced experimentally in prenatal and suckling animals following an injection of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN). The most remarkable characteristic of these animals is aqueduct stenosis caused by swellings of the ependymal cells and subependymal cells in the periaqueductal gray matter and the central canal of the spinal cord. The present study was undertaken to investigate the morphological changes of the ependymal cells in the central canal of the spinal cord of 3.5 months old hamster after treatment with 6-AN. Intraperitoneal administrations of 6-AN (10 mg/kg body weight) every two days gave rise to partial central canal stenosis of the spinal cord after 27-29 days (13-l4th injection), but cilia and microvilli were located in the strictural area of the con#rat canal. The vacuolations in the ependymal cells were not observed and degenerating changes of intracellular organelles of the ependymal cells did not occur, so that the ependymal cells lining the central canal of the hamster spinal cord were not affected by 6-AN. But the present study demonstrate that 6-AN causes to create numerous vacuoles in the subependymal area of the central canal. Although the vacuoles were well developed in the neuroglial cells and the neuropils of the subependymal area, the neurons were not affected by 6-AN. These results strongly suggests that partial central canal stenosis occurred by 6-AN was due to vacuolations and swellings of the neuroglial cells and nueropils in the subependymal area.

사진이미지를 향한 응시

양영철(Young-Chul Yang) 한국콘텐츠학회 2010 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.10 No.8

사진을 본다는 것은 프레임에 담긴 이미지를 지각하는 과정이다. 사진에 대하여 우리는 감각질료조직을 통해서만 작가의 의도에 접근할 수 있는 것이다. 우리가 사진을 바라볼 때 구체적으로 어떠한 방식으로 이미지를 보는지 검증해보기 위해서 로베르 두아노의 1948년 사진 ‘비뚫어진 관심’을 대상으로 실험을 실시하였다. 페미니즘 이론가인 매리 앤 도은이 이 사진에 대해 말한 것을 기초로 가설을 수립하고 분석하였다. 시선추적장치인 Tobii를 이용해서 사진을 바라보는 피험자들의 동공의 움직임을 기록함으로써 특정영역에 얼마나 오래 시선이 머무는지 측정하였다. 실험결과 사람들이 사진이미지를 바라볼 때 일정한 흐름을 통해 순차적으로 그것을 본다는 사실이 확인되었다. 동시에 프레임의 부분적 영역에 대하여 피험자들의 응시 강도가 달랐으며 피험자 집단마다에서도 편차가 있었다. Reading a photograph is a process of perceiving the image in it. We are able to approach the intention of the photographer only from the sensory material of the image. To make sure how we see the image when we look at a photo, this paper did an experiment with Robert Doisneau's photo, ‘Un Regard Oblique'. The hypothesis was set upon the idea of Mary Ann Doane, a pioneer in Gender study. Eye-tracker, Tobii was used to measure the movements and the fixation lengths of the pupils of 44 subjects. From the results of the experiment, it was verified that people look at photographic image in a certain way. At the same time, the gazing strength was differential on every subjects and subject groups.

참여정부의 자치경찰 창설과 운영방안

양영철(Yang Young-Chul) 서울행정학회 2005 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.15 No.4

Regardless of local government, National Police has monopolized the public security as the actual law enforcement authority in Korea since the Liberation. However, there are more demerits than merits for the national security which is monopolized by the National Police. Especially, there are big problems in correspondence and democracy of National Police, resulted from local government excluding both the responsibility and the right for security of the region without any control of its residents. Many generations of the government had tried to execute the system of local government police but it was not successful under self-interested departments and divisions. Roh Moo-hyun government has promoting the execution of local government police as the main policy. On September 16th of 2004, the government measure was confirmed after many meetings with the parties concerned. It has entered the new phase of executing local government police for the first time in its history. Local government police will be starting by focusing on the basic local government. The main affairs are local traffic service, basic crime prevention for safety and consolidation of law enforcement for each department. The police officers win enter local public service and the cooperation with national police will be carried out by secondary local government(shi, do)securitv administration committee. National police, local residents and local government will participate together to operate and evaluate local government police, drawing up a plan for exemplary local community police. It will be first pretested from October, 2005 for a year and will be executed in full-scale from the second half of 2006 after problems complemented.

트래킹 쇼트의 창조적 사용

양영철(Yang Young Chul) 한국영화학회 2005 영화연구 Vol.0 No.27

The filmic term 'tracking shot' is fundamentally close to 'long take shot' rather than 'montage'. Tracking could avoid the drawbacks of montage that often analytically destructs the being and of long take that might proceed the stationary reticence. Tracking shot is not a new terminology anymore. it is frequently used in contemporary film industry with highly advanced film technology such as many kinds of crane systems like Techno cane and MCC. Filmmakers are the people who obsessively modulate their styles to create their own visions. As Gombrich has observed, sometimes new and improved style are the results from pure artistic passion that satisfies themselves who overpass his colleagues. Tracing shot is completed while the camera is running so that there is no editing point. Since that reason, editor doesn't have many options to manipulate his creativeness. While the tendency of fixed long take might increase ambiguity, tracking shot is firmly narrow down focus into its subject so the audience doesn't have to time to be interrupted by 'decoupage in shot'. In reality, today's commercial film industry largely endorses its power to production company and producers. Only few commercially verified director's allowed to express their unique insights. Filmmaking is traditionally processed on its routine regulations and so does film styles. The creative camera movements have to be included in the filmic continuity terms to persue the ultimate film's goal; Sature. In commercial film world, Seamless editing which hides camera cutting point, shot/reverse shot, and fluid camera movements are the fundamentals of modem filmmaking theory and practice. That doesn't mean that only contemporary films have privileged style. A long pending controversial issue between modernism and realism will fade into vanished age if you see the film as sature. Cutting-edge editing technique juxtaposed with 'deep depth of field' could unveil the deep thoughts. Long take is not the best tool to grab audience's gaze. However there is optional stylistic differences between european movies that contains more 'mis-en-scene' than hollywood mainstream. As Comolli suggested, this has to be interpreted as tendencies of film or follow of style rather than ideologic distinction.

사이버 공간과 검열의 문제

양영철 ( Young Chul Yang ) 한국영화교육학회 2004 영화교육연구 Vol.6 No.-

제주특별자치도의 권한이양 현황과 과제

양영철 ( Young Chul Yang ) 제주대학교 법과정책연구원 2007 法과 政策 Vol.13 No.2

쇼트/역쇼트에 대한 지각심리학적 접근

양영철(Yang, Young-chul) 한국영화학회 2011 영화연구 Vol.0 No.50

Shot/reverse shot-pairs are included in almost all films. When two persons are having a conversation, a 180-degree imaginary line that passes through the space is formed between them. The camera is placed at the point close to the imaginary line and captures the image of a person in 3/4 angle. Of modern films, shot/reverse shot are used as a secret formula and accepted as an essential key to film making process. Eye-tracking device has developed recently to make sure how our eyes do work by measuring the gaze and the pupil size. Tobii, the eye-tracking device is used to track the audience’s eye for movies, and the results are analysed From the test, the hypothesis that the viewer’s gaze goes from the main character to the other person, and when he or she stays in off-screen space, the gaze will expanded to that area, has not been confirmed. Shot/reverse shot’s lengths are too short, and the size is usually bust shot that is a little big. Finally shot/reverse shot is already one of schema of movies. People are expecting the reverse shot, not to gaze the edge area in the former shot. Above all, eye-tracking experiments have a big limitation of the research on audience reactions. It doesn’t tell all the audience experiences. Movie experience is beyond perception to interpret it and it is the totality of intellectual and emotional reactions. Tobii shows only the first step.

제주도 주민투표 사례에 관한 연구

양영철(Young-chul Yang) 서울행정학회 2005 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.16 No.3

The Roh government established act of referendum in 2004 for active local participation. This is of great significance since the law has been put in force as Jelu referendum in July 27 for the first time. The vote was to transform the self-government of two tiers into a single tire. Despite the fierce conflict among local governing bodies. residents. and different regions. the vote was completed safely and tier-reducing bill was successfully passed. While the vote as the first national referendum was meaningful, there were some problems at the same time; Expecially management and attitude toward results of vote as following. First, although the vote was concerning local issues, it was managed by the Central Election Management Committee which is a national organization. Because of national organization, the process and rules are very rigid. and then unadaptable to this local referendum process and management. Second, The results were hardly accepted while the vote named referendum was actually focused on self-governing bodies, not on 'the residents themselves. Jeiu do provincial government which initiated the referendum and four basic local government which could be abolished when the agenda of this referendum passed encouraged each supported groups to vote for themselves. I think that we have the good opportunity to amend the vote rules, process as well as behavior of residents and the executives of local governments for locality.