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언어,교육 : 칠레 민주연합 정부의 신자유주의 교육 정책방향의 비판적 접근
안태환 ( Tae Hwan Ahn ) 경희대학교 비교문화연구소 2012 비교문화연구 Vol.29 No.-
The Chilean educative policies as the Voucher System and the privatization have been almost same from the Pinochet government and the ones of "Concertacion" or "Democratic Alliances" until now. Because the neoliberal regime has dominated principally in Chile the area of the education. In this study first of all I will analyze the procedures of the violent repression of the leftist politicians and the intellectuals of the universities by the Pinochet government. And the importance of the reform of the law of education in 1980 was emphasized and the other one in 1990 one day before the retirement of Pinochet. We can comprehend the fact that the education would have been used as a tool to achieve the development of the country and the economic one sacrificing the public and equalitarian values of the education. And the competence, the efficiency and the quality of the education have been emphasized through the policies as example the rights of the selection of the schools by the parents as like a product in the market. But the result was the enormorors expansion of the private education not only in the secondary schools but also in the universities. And also has been intensified "the segregation and the discrimination" of the students jerarquitized by the different social-economic levels of the parents. The Chilean people including the middle class did not realize rightly the inherent problems of the neoliberal regime having the equivocation as if the private schools should have been better than the public ones. However the high level of the public university education became to be dominated by the acomodated class. This was the cause of the last year`s great scale of the demonstration of the Chilean students. The most important thing is that these matters was agravated not by the Pinochet government but by the ones of "Concertacion" or "Democratic Alliances". Because these governments tried to maintain the neoliberal regime by means of the education only arranging the small problems or contratiempos.
안태환(Ahn, Tae-Hwan) 한국외국어대학교 중남미연구소 2016 중남미연구 Vol.35 No.1
본 연구는 라틴아메리카 좌파정치의 변혁을 제도적 또는 이념적으로 접근하는 것이 아니라 1980년대 이후 전개된 신자유주의 정책들로 인해 사회경제적으로 배제된 대중이 베네수엘라의 정치변혁에서 집단적 주체로 출현하였음을 분석하려는 것이다. 그리고 그 출현의 동력이 그들 대중이 가지고 있는 일상적 삶의 방식에 있음을 확인하려고 한다. 자본주의체제 안에 살면서도 항상 그 너머를 지향하는 집단적, 바로크적 에토스가 그 동력이다. 그리고 라틴아메리카 대중과 사회운동의 약 오백년의 위계서열적 억압에서 해방하려는 의지는 라틴아메리카를 ‘라틴’이후의 아메리카로 만들고 있다. 차베스 혁명의 성격과 의미는 매우 복합적인데, 가장 중요한 것은 대중권력의 출현이다. 주민평의회를 제도화시켜 국가와 민주주의의 재구성을 실천하고 있다. 그러나 차베스 혁명세력은 원유에의 지나친 의존과 부정부패 등 취약한 구조를 가지고 있어 최근 2015년 12월의 총선 패배는 예상된 일이었다. 왜냐하면 차베스 생존 시 부터 저명한 좌파학자들로부터 차베스의 권위주의적 리더십과 토론 부재에 대한 비판 또는 경고가 있어 왔기 때문이다. This study aims for approaching to the radical changes of Latin american leftist politics not through the institutional or ideological analysis but showing that those owe to the apparition of people as new collective subjects in Venezuela. And their motors have been the daily collective way of life of people "excluded" by the neoliberal social-economic policies since the 1980s, which is named as baroque ethos. It pushes always toward beyond the capitalism even though living within itself. The latin american people and social movements have the will to accomplish the emancipation from five hundred years of hierarchical oppression. And this will makes Latin America as Post-"latin" America. The political meanings of the Chavez Revolution are very complex but the most important one is the apparition of people and by this apparition of people"s collective power with the presence of Communal Councils, the reconstruction of the state and the democracy is carried away. But the Chavez Revolution has also received from the many leftist academics the criticism in a sense that the leadership of Chavez should have been very authoritarian and absent of internal discussion.