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박정희 시대의 문화정책과 도자공예 : 1960~1970년대 ‘대한뉴스’ 보도내용을 중심으로
송지호 ( Jiho Song ) 이화여자대학교 도예연구소 2018 陶藝硏究 Vol.- No.27
식민지 타율적 근대화 과정에서 공예가 예술이 되어 미술공예가 되거나 일본인들의 관상애호품으로 타자화된 문제는 그 궤도를 수정하지 못하고 대한민국에 와서 더 고착화 되었다. 오히려 1960-70년대 박정희 정권을 거치면서 ‘전통공예’와 ‘현대공예’ 혹은 ‘전승공예’와 ‘미술공예’라는 이중적 구조는 더욱 확대 재 생산되었다. 표면적으로는 그 이전 시기보다 ‘전통’에 대한 논의가 활발하게 이루어졌고, 문화재의 중요성 에 대한 사회적 공감이 높아져 공예에 대한 사회적 관심이 증대되었고, 공예가 대학교육에 편입되면서 대학 출신의 공예인구가 폭발적으로 늘어났으며, 대한민국미술전람회(이하 국전)과 대한민국상공미술전람 회(이하 상공미전)과 동아공예대전 등의 정부와 민간 주도의 다양한 공모전을 통해 공예인구의 작품 발표 기회도 많아졌다. 하지만 이러한 공예를 둘러싼 문화의 양적 팽창에도 불구하고 식민지 시기 타자화 된 공예의 문제점을 극복하지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 한계의 배경에는 1960~70년대 박정희 정권의 경제개발정책과 문화정책이 강력한 영향을 미쳤을 거라는 판단 하에 <대한뉴스> 보도내용을 통해 그 내용을 구체적으로 살펴보고자 노력하였다. 박정희 정권은 권력 찬탈의 불법성을 만회하고자 강력한 경제발전 정책과 문예중흥정책을 추진하였다. 그 과정에서 국민 내부의 결속력을 높이기 위해 민족주의 이념을 수단으로 활용했다. 민족주의를 도구화하는 과정에서 ‘전통’을 강조하였으며, 이러한 사실은 <대한뉴스> 보도내용에서도 구체적으로 드러났다. 그러나 박정희 정권이 강조한 전통은 계승해야할 대상이 아닌 정권의 자의대로 선택된 호국정신, 실학 사상, ‘신라의 삼국통일’과 같은 선별된 전통이었다. 1960~70년대 문화재 보존 및 발굴, 활발한 박물관 전시 와 전통에 대한 담론에도 불구하고 도자공예는 공예의 정체성과 일상생활 문화로서의 가치를 재정립하지 못한 채, 식민지 시기 타자화된 궤도를 수정하지 못했다. 더불어 강력한 수출주도 경제정책 아래, 지원, 육성된 도자산업도 결국 수출상품과 관광민예품이라는 수출증대를 목표로 한 것에 불과했다. In the process of colonial modernization, the problem of craft becoming arts, and otherized as Japanese ornamental favorites became more and more fixed in Korea, without modifying its orbit. Rather, through the Park Chung Hee regime in the 1960s and 1970s, the dual structure of 'traditional crafts' and 'modern crafts' or 'traditional crafts' and 'arts crafts' was further enlarged and reproduced. On the surface, there were more discussions about 'tradition' than before, and the social awareness of the importance of cultural properties and artifacts had increased, and social interest in craft had increased. The number of craftmen who graduated from the university increased dramatically as crafts had been included in the college education system, And there were many opportunities to present artistic works through various contests the government-led, such as the National Art Exhibition, the National Commercial and Indurstrial Design Exhibition, and the private sector, such as the Donga Craft Competition. However, despite the quantitative expansion of the culture surrounding these crafts, it failed to overcome the problems of otherized crafts in the colonial period. This study is aimed to find out the background of this limitation through the report of < Daehan News >, based on the judgment that the economic development policies and cultural policies of the Park Chung Hee administration of the 1960s and 1970s had a strong influence. The Park Chung Hee regime adopted a strong economic development policy and a cultural policy in order to compensate for the illegality of the oppression of power. In the process, the nationalism ideology was used as a means to enhance the solidarity among the people. In the process of instrumentalizing nationalism, it emphasized 'tradition', and this fact was revealed in the press coverage of < Daehan News >. However, the tradition emphasized by the Park Chung Hee administration was a invention of tradition such as the spirit of the patriotism, Silhak Thought, and the unification of the three kingdoms of Silla, which were chosen not as objects to be succeeded but as those of the regime. Despite the preservation and excavation of cultural assets, active on museum exhibitions, and the discourse on traditions in the 1960s and 1970s, it is failed to modify the otherization of the colonial period without redefining the identity of craft and its value as a daily life culture. In addition, the strong export-led ceramic industry, supported and developed under economic policies, was only aimed at increasing exports and tourism.
송지호(Song, Jiho),김미원(Kim, Miwon) 한국간호교육학회 2013 한국간호교육학회지 Vol.19 No.1
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the current state of clinical nursing education at hospitals. Methods: Questionnaires were sent out to 236 hospitals which have over 300 beds. Out of these, 116 hospitals responded, and the collected data was analyzed by mean, frequency, t-test, and ANOVA test. Results: These hospitals have teaching agreements with 4.2 nursing colleges and clinical education lasts 8 months. Clinical education status regarding hospital characteristics, between a university hospital, non-university hospitals, among advanced general hospitals, general hospitals, and special hospitals showed statistical differences in colleges per hospital and nurses’ degree. 37.9% of cases have no internal regulation for nursing education, and in 68.1% of cases, students practice was limited to simple nursing care. The current primary guide for students practice was head nurse (61.25%), and the course professor took charge of mainly the conference. The difficulties as an educational hospital are increases in work load, difficulties in teaching, excessive number of students, simultaneous practical training, complaints from patients, lack in training manpower, and stress. Conclusion: This study determined that the big hospitals are heavily burdened by nursing education and that it will be necessary to establish standards for educational hospitals to ensure higher quality education.