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Flaxseed 의 급여형태가 In Vitro 분해율 및 면양에 의한 사료의 반추위내 발효특성과 전장소화율에 미치는 효과
송만강 ( M K Song ),정태영 ( T Y CHUNG ),심정석 ( J S Sim ) 한국축산학회 1995 한국축산학회지 Vol.37 No.2
A metabolism trial was conducted with ruminally fistulated sheep to examine the effect of supplementation of different types of flaxseed(FS) to the diet on ruminal fermentation characteristics and whole tract digestibility of the diets. The results obtained from sheep fed diets supplemented(7%, as-fed basis) with whole FS(W-FSD) or crushed FS (C-FSD) were compared with those from the control diet without FS. Crushed FS(C-FS) only or whole FS mixed with crushed FS(M-FS) in same ratio was incubated in vitro to examine the degradation. Supplementation of FS to the diet reduced ammonia-N concentration and molar percent of acetate and butyrate in the mmen fluid of sheep, but whole tract digestibilities of the minor components in diets were not affected by FS supplementation except for decreased neutral detergent fiber digestibility. Ruminal fermentation characteristics and whole tract digestibility of the diets were not affected by type of FS(W-FSD vs. C-FSD) supplemented. Higher ammonia-N concentrations were observed in the incubation solution, and in vitro nylon bag degradations of dry matter and the ether extract from C-FS than those from mixed FS(M-FS).
Oil 의 종류 및 첨가수준이 반추위 미생물에 의한 C18 - 불포화지방산의 Hydrogenation 및 반추위 박테리아의 Oleic Acid 이용에 미치는 효과
송만강,최성호 ( M . K . Song,S . H . Choi ) 한국축산학회 1998 한국축산학회지 Vol.40 No.1
An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of source and addition level of oil on rumen microbial degradation of oil, fermentation characteristics, biohydrogenation of C_(18)-unsaturated fatty acids(UFA) and direct incorporation of oleic acid (C_(18:1)) by rumen bacteria in vitro. Mixed fish oil of herring(C. harengus) and mackerel(S. scombrus), and flaxseed(G. usitatissimus) oil were absorbed into cellulose powder at the levels of 3, s and 7%. ^(14)C-oleic acid (μCi/10㎎) was also addeded based on C_(18:1) content of each oil to estimate direct incorporation by ruminal bacteria. Approximately 3g of cellulose powder absorbed oil in nylon bag was incubated in 300m1 solution mixture(200m1 rumen fluid + 100㎖ buffer) for 24h(39℃) anaerobically. Solution mixture without oil(blank) was also incubated. Degradations of dry matter and oil were in the range of 26.6∼31.0% and 72.9∼77.2%, respectively. However, they were not affected by the sources and addition levels of oil. Unlikely to the pH and total VFA, ammonia-N concentration in the solution mixture after 24h incubation was lowered(P$lt;.05) by the fish oil addition without difference between the oils. Higher(P$lt;.05) molar proportions of acetate with lower propionate proportions, however, were observed from the oil additions then those from the blank. The source and addition levels of oil did not influence on total viable bacterial number. The addition of fish oil increased(P$lt;.05) proportions of palmitoleic acid(C_(16:1)), C_(18:1), linolenic acid(C_(18:3)), arachidic acid(C_(20:0)), gondoic acid(C_(20:1)) and behenic acid(C_(22:1)), but decreased(P$lt;.05) linoleic acid(C_(18:2)) and lignoceric acid(C_(24:1)) in the solution mixture after 24h incubation. The addition of flaxseed oil increased(P$lt;.05) proportions of C_(18:3), C_(20:0) and C_(20:1) Long chain fatty acid proportions of solution mixture as derived from degraded oil were not influenced by the oil levels, but higher proportions of palmitic acid, C_(16:1), C_(18:1), arachidonic acid and C_(22:0) were observed from the fish oil addition while lower proportions of C_(18:2) and C_(18:3) from the flaxseed oil addition. The additions of fish oil and flaxseed oil increased C_(18:0) proportion in the solution mixture after 24h incubation by 50.60∼51.32% and 59.54∼62.33%, respectively, compared to those prior to incubation, but highly decreased proportions of C_(18)-UFA. Direct incorporations of C_(18:1), by ruminal bacteria as estimated using ^(14)C_(18:0) were 40.4∼49.1%, but they were not affected by the sources and addition levels of oil.
농후사료 급여수준이 비거세 한우의 증체와 부위별 지방조직의 지방산 조성에 미치는 효과
송만강,김내수,정정수,최양일,원유석,정재경,최성호 ( M . K . Song,N . S . Kim,C . S . Chung,Y . I . Choi,Y . S . Won,J . K . Chung,S . H . Choi ) 한국축산학회 1998 한국축산학회지 Vol.40 No.5
The study was conducted with 63 Hanwoo bull calves of 193 days old for 19 months(up to 26 month of age) to examine the effect of feeding level of concentrate on the body weight gain, feed requirements and fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of various locations(subcutaneous, abdominal, kidney, intermuscular and intramuscular fats). The calves were allotted into 3 treatments according to the feeding level of concentrate(85, 100 and 115%), and fed concentrates of Grower(7∼10 month of age), Finisher I(11∼16 month of age), Finisher II (17∼20 month of age) and Finisher III(21∼26 month of age). The feeding levels of concentrates for the cattle of 85% and 115% were decreased or increased by 15%, respectively, up to 15 month of age based on the similar body weight to the cattle of 100%. The feeding levels of the concentrates for the cattle of 85% and 100% were continuously increased for the next 2 months, to make same levels as for the cattle of I15%, thereafter amount of concentrate were continuously increased based on the rate of body gain for all the cattle. The cattle were fed in a individual feeding system through the experimental period. The cattle were slaughtered at the ages of 6, 14, 18 and 24 month and adipose tissues were collected to analyze long chain fatty acids. Results observed from the study were summarized as follows Overall mean dry matter intake and body gain per day and feed requirements of Hanwoo bulls during the 19 months of feeding from 193 day old calves were 6.69㎏, 0.95㎏ and 7.06, respectively. Body gain of the Hanwoo bulls during experimental period was greatly affected by the feeding level of concentrate, but feed requirement was improved up to 20 month of age with the decreased feeding level of concentrate. Fatty acids of C_(16:0) C_(18:0) and C_(18:1) in the adipose tissues at various locations of Hanwoo bulls were dominated. The feeding level of concentrate did not affect the fatty acid composition except for C_(16:1) and C_(18:1) in subcutaneous fat, and C_(18:1) and C_(18:2) in intramuscular fat of the cattle that were fed at the level of 85% at the age of 14 month(P$lt;.05). No differences were observed in fatty acid composition of adipose tissues of each location for the cattle of 18 and 24 month of age among treatments. There were tendencies of greater C_(16:1) and C_(18:1) in subcutaneous and intramuscular fats while higher C_(18:0) in abdominal fat. There were also trends of greater unsaturated fatty acid compositions in subcutaneous and intramuscular fats and higher saturated fatty acids in abdominal, kidney and intermuscular fats. Percent C_(18:0) tended to be decreased while C_(16:1) C_(18:1) and C_(18:2) increased with the age of Hanwoo bulls.
송만강,손호진 ( M . K . Song,H . J . Sohn ) 한국축산학회 1997 한국축산학회지 Vol.39 No.2
The present study was conducted with 18 lactating cows(20.5㎏ of daily milk yield) to observe effects of yeast diets on milk yield and composition. Lactating cows were slotted to one of the three diets, by completely radomized design, of the yeast culture supplemented total misted diet(YCSD), the brewer`s yeast slurry based total mixed diet supplemented with yeast culture(BY-YC) and the commercial concentrate as a control. Yeast culture was prepared by mixing of wheat bran, water and Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Gist-brocade, Delft-Halland) in the ratio of 1 : 1 : 0.0045(w/w) and fermenting this mixture for 3∼5 days at 18∼20℃. Yeast culture was then added to the pre-formulated diets at 0.5% level(DM basis) and fermented for 3 days at the same temperature as for preparing yeast culture prior to feeding. The BY-YC diet was prepared by adding yeast culture at the 50% level of YCSD to brewer`s yeast slurry(7.72%, DM basis) based total mixed diet, and then fermented for 3 days at the same temperature as for preparing yeast culture prior to feeding. The cows were fed the experimental diets including corn silages twice daily(08:00 and 16:30) based on NRC requirements(1988) with consideration of crude protein and neutral detergent fiber(NDF). The study was conducted for a total of 9 wks including 1 wk adaptation period to the diets. The results observed were summarized as follows No differences in intakes of DM and CP were observed among the sroups except that NDF intake was reltively higher for YCSD and BY-YC than for control. Cows fed YCSD revealed better milk consistency during whole period than those fed control or BY-YC. Feeding YCSD and BY-YC tended to improve daily milk yield, 4% FCM and feed efficiency compared to the control diet group while milk composition(fat, protein and lactose) were not influenced by the diets. Production of each milk components were high in the order of YCSD, BY-YC and control as influenced by milk yield. Thus overall better productions were obtained from the cows fed YCSD.