신석기시대 토기 제작과정의 실험적 연구 - 토기 소성흔을 중심으로 -

소상영,이승원,안성민,이종안,박종부,최광훈 한국문화유산협회 2007 야외고고학 Vol.0 No.3

우리나라 신석기시대 토기에 대한 연구는 문양 및 기형의 차이를 중심으로 편년과 계통연구에 치중해왔다. 토기제작과정에 대한 연구는 비교적 최근에 시작되었으며, 아직은 초보적인 단계에 머물러 있다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 실험은 신석기시대 토기의 제작과정을 실험고고학적 방법을 통해 파악하고자 실시하였다. 실험결과 토기는 도치로 성형하는 것이 가장 효과적이며, 대형토기의 경우 기물을 따로 제작하여 접합하는 경우도 있음을 확인하였다. 문양의 시문은 도치와 정치 상태에서 모두 가능하나, 구연부에 단사선문을 시문하는 경우 정치상태에서 시문하는 것이 빠르고 정교하여 보다 효과적이었다. 이번 실험의 가장 큰 목적은 소성전후 토기의 변화를 비교분석하는 것이었다. 토기소성은 자연 상태의 점토가 화학적 변화를 거쳐 변형되지 않고 그 기능을 유지할 수 있도록 하는 최종단계로 토기제작에서 가장 중요한 과정이라 할 수 있기 때문이다. 소성실험은 기존 연구결과와 민족지 사례를 검토하여 개방형 야외소성 방식으로 3차례 실시하였다. 소성실험을 통해 흑반, 백반 등 소성흔이 부착되는 과정에 대해 이해할 수 있었다. 특히 직립, 횡치, 도치로 설치된 토기에서 관찰되는 소성흔의 차이와 규칙성을 확인한 것은 이번 실험의 가장 큰 성과라고 하겠다. 금번 실험은 민족지 사례에 대한 검토가 불충분하였고, 실험계획 및 과정에 있어서도 여러 문제점이 노출된 단점도 있었다. 그러나 선사시대 토기에 대한 실험고고학적 연구가 부족한 현실에서 그 제작과정에 대한 이해를 높이고, 자료를 확보하였다는 데에서 의의를 찾을 수 있다. 이번 실험에서 노출된 문제점은 후속실험과 유적에서 출토된 토기와의 비교연구를 통해 보완해 나갈 것이다. Research on the earthenware of Neolithic Korea has tended to focus on pottery typology and style, as a means of investigating chronology and culture groups. The study of earthenware manufacturing processes is a relatively new undertaking which remains at a pioneering stage. It is in this context that an investigation was carried out, through means of experimental archaeology, on the manufacturing process of Korean Neolithic earthenware. From the results of experiment, it was possible to confirm that the most effective method of forming Neolithic vessels was to lay it upside down; in the case of large vessels, it appears that two vessels were manufactured separately and then later joined together into a single vessel. It was also possible to confirm that patterns could be incised onto the surface regardless of the lying position of the vessel (i.e. either upside down or upright). However, in the case of patterns incised around the vessel rim, it appears that the act of decoration could be carried out in a quicker and more precise manner when the vessel was in an upright position. The key purpose of this experiment was to conduct a comparative analysis on changes observed before and after firing. As the firing of pottery brings about a chemical change in the natural clay, thereby allowing the vessel to maintain its shape and function, it can therefore be regarded as the most important stage in the manufacture of earthenware. Our experiment on the firing stage was conducted three times by means of open field firing, based on ethnographic examples and existing research. The results provided insight into the formation of firing clouds (such as black and white marks). It was also possible to confirm that these firing clouds coincided with the different positions (upside-down, upright, at an angle) in which the vessels were fired. In conducting the current experiment, certain problems were exposed with respect to the research program. They derive from an insufficient review of the ethnographic literature, as well as certain defects in the planning and implementation of the experiment. However, it can be argued that the current research has been successful in that it has contributed to furthering our understanding of the manufacturing process of Neolithic earthernware; this issue has been under investigated within the current archaeological climate. The problems exposed in this experiment will be addressed in the future by means of comparative studies between subsequent experiments and those earthenware vessels actually excavated from Neolithic sites.

토기의 제작과 소성

소상영 한국고고학회 2017 한국고고학전국대회 발표문 Vol.- No.41

신석기시대

소상영 한국고고학회 2019 한국고고학전국대회 발표문 Vol.2019 No.-

한반도 신석기시대 인구변동 - 방사선 탄소연대를 중심으로-

소상영 중부고고학회 2021 중부고고학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2021 No.1

제주 고산리 유적의 편년과 성격-방사성탄소연대와 유적 재검토를 중심으로-

소상영 한국신석기학회 2017 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.33

Gosan-ri Pottery are presumed to have been used until around 4,500calBC, which is the lowest limit of raised pattern pottery, having begun around 7,600calBC, considering the analysis result of radiocarbon dating, however the possibility to exceed 10,000calBC is not high, considering OSL chronicle of Ⅳ·Ⅴth phase. The insistence that formation period of Gosan-ri site is before 10,000calBC is not convincing only with the similarity to early Russian Neolithic site artifact combination figure and only one radiocarbon dating(10,180±65BP). Hundreds of dwelling sites and pit features were reported in Jeju cultural heritage research institute excavation research region, however considering layer relation of the site, inner land sedimentation, and excavation aspect of artifact, they are difficult to acknowledge as artificial features, since they were mostly natural sediments on irregular curved sides of pyroclastic deposit. Based on this, the opinion of insisting a possibility of sedentism of Gosan-ri site is unacceptable. Those that can be definitely acknowledged as artificial features in Gosanri site are a few open-air hearthies, pit features, and the traces of on ground houses. Considering such poor features and stone tools composition in high proportion of hunting and cooking, Gosan-ri area was presumed to be repeatedly occupied in a short term through long term by hunter-gatherer group who frequently move their residence. Organic temper is less efficient in pottery production compared to mineral temper, however it is determined to be utilized to rapidly produce the pottery suitable for mobile groups. The point that Gosan-ri Pottery is in a simple form without pattern based on rough groundmass can be understood that the living vessels were not specially decorated, since they were used a short term and thrown off after cooking.

고성 문암리 유적 경작유구의 재검토

소상영 한국신석기학회 2019 한국신석기연구 Vol.- No.38

In 2012, Neolithic fields were excavated in Munam-ri at Goseong. Two layers of fields were excavated from the ruins, of which the upper layer was reported as Joseon Dynasty and the lower layer was reported as Neolithic. Neolithic fields were first excavated not only in Korean Peninsula but also in East Asia. However, it is unlikely that it was used during the Neolithic period based on the overlapping patterns of the settlements and the lower field cultivation layer, the level relationship, and the results of natural science analysis. Rather, it suggests that the field is likely to be a cultivated layer after the historic period or a lower part of the upper field cultivation layer. Of course, this field may have been created during the Neolithic period. But it should not be accepted uncritically without careful analysis and research.

14C연대 분석을 통해 본 후기 구석기시대 편년 시론

소상영,이정철 백산학회 2015 白山學報 Vol.- No.103

최근 우리나라 학계에서는 14C연대에 대한 관심과 활용도가 점차 증가하는 추세이지만, 아직 후기 구석기시대에 대한 관심은 높지 않다. 이는 우리나라 구석기 유적의 특성상 시료가 명확한 유구에서 채집된 경우가 거의 없고, 시료의 종류도 토양인 경우가 많아 14C연대의 신뢰도에 대한 평가의 어려움에 기인한다. 이에 본고에서는 경기도 지역 후기 구석기시대 유적의 14C연대를 평가하는 기준을 마련하여 신뢰도가 높은 연대를 채택한 후 이 자료의 분석을 통해 분기 설정을 시도하였다. 14C연대 평가결과 문화층에서 측정된 79개의 연대 중 44개가 채택되었다. 이를 교정연대의 범위와 평균연대 등을 고려하여 먼저 5단계로 구분한 후 석기공작과의 비교를 통해 4분기로 구분하였다. 모든 시기에는 석영계 소형석기가 우세하게 확인된다. Ⅰ기(40,000~31,000calBC)에는 중기 구석기시대의 대형석기가 유지되며, 긴격지를 활용한 슴베찌르개 및 돌날기법이 등장한다. Ⅱ기 (30,000calBC) 전후에는 돌날 이용 석기(슴베찌르개)가 확인되며, 대형석기는 급감한다. Ⅲ기 (26,000~21,000calBC)에는 석영계 소형석기의 다양화, 돌날 이용 석기(밀개 등)의 증가, 좀돌날기법(흑요석 중심)이 등장한다. Ⅳ기(20,000~17,000calBC)는 Ⅲ기와 유사한 석기공작이 유지되나, 석영계 소형석기는 더욱 소형화되고 좀돌날 석기에는 흑요석 외의 기타 돌감이 증가한다. 본고의 분석에 사용된 14C연대 44개는 충분한 숫자라고 하기 어려워 분기설정은 시론적인 성격이 강하다. 또한 23개의 연대가 남양주 호평동 유적에 집중된 것과 15,000BP 내외의 연대가 분석에 포함되지 못한 문제도 있다. 하지만 14C연대의 흐름에 따른 석기공작의 변화양상과 문화 층의 세분화 가능성을 확인한 것은 후기 구석기시대 편년연구에 14C연대측정법 활용의 중요성을 보여준다.

14C연대 분석을 통한 중서부지방 신석기시대편년 연구

소상영 한국고고학회 2013 한국고고학보 Vol.89 No.-

The chronological study of the Neolithic of Central-Western Korea hasprogressed under the premise that change in ceramic decoration patternsreflects time flow. However, this cannot be proven objectively because there isalmost no overlap between layers or artifacts at the Neolithic sites of the Central-Western region. At present, radiocarbon dates are used as a supplementaryresource that is easily ignored when the results do not fit the researcher’schronological scheme. In addition, as the negative aspects of radiocarbon dating(i.e. the possibility of error) have been emphasized, it has not been muchutilized. However, radiocarbon dating is advantageous in that, as it is calculatedby a statistical method, it can be objectively proven. Therefore, in this paper, anattempt is made to establish a relative chronology of the Central-Western regionwith radiocarbon dates providing the main set of data. Radiocarbon dates were obtained for four sub-regions, and chronologicalphases were established for each sub-region. Based on this, and also byconsidering changes observed in subsistence, dwellings, and pottery, theNeolithic of Central-Western Korea is divided into three phases: PhaseI(4,500~3,600 calBC), Phase II(3,600~1,500[1,000?] calBC), and Phase II whichis subdivided into the early(3,600~3,000 calBC), middle(3,000~2,600 calBC),late(2,600~1,500[1,000?]) phases. This relative chronology is broadly similar to the existing research. The greatest difference from the existing research is that, rather than usingradiocarbon dates to first establish upper and lower time limits and thenconstructing a relative chronology of pottery based on the form analysis of itspatterns, radiocarbon dates were used to establish the relative sequence of thesites and features. It may be argued that this method of chronological researchis more persuasive as it is based on objective radiocarbon data rather than the overlap of features, layers, etc., which cannot be objectively proven.

인천 영종도 남북동 유적

소상영 중부고고학회 2014 중부고고학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2014 No.2

「중서부지역 신석기시대 문화 변동과 서북한 지역」에 대한 토론문

소상영 중부고고학회 2020 중부고고학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2020 No.1