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Causal Relationship among Bioethanol Production, Corn Price, and Beef Price in the U.S.
석준호,김수은,김관선 한국환경경제학회 2018 자원·환경경제연구 Vol.27 No.3
This paper investigates the impact of ethanol mandate on the price relationship between corn and beef using the monthly time-series data from January 2003 through December 2013. In addition, we examine the non-linearity in ethanol, corn, and beef markets. Based on the threshold cointegration test, we find the symmetric relationship in pairs with ethanol production-corn price and ethanol production-beef price whereas there is the asymmetric relationship between prices of corn and beef. Employing the threshold vector error correction and vector error correction models, we also find that the corn price in the U.S is caused by both ethanol production and beef price in a long-run when the beef price is relatively high. On the other hand, the corn price does not cause both ethanol production and beef price in the long run. Findings from this study imply that demanders for corn such as ethanol and beef producers have price leadership on corn producers.
석준호,안동빈,손진호,최진혁,정윤영,공지선 대한이비인후과학회 2013 대한이비인후과학회지 두경부외과학 Vol.56 No.3
Background and Objectives Pyriform sinus fistula with 3rd and 4th branchial cleft anomaly is an extremely rare congenital condition that is not very well understood owing to its rarity. The aim of the study was to review our experience with pyriform sinus fistulae to better understand them. Subjects and Method Of 163 patients with branchial anomaly treated at our institute between 1999 and 2011, medical records of 15 patients with pyriform sinus fistula were retrospectively reviewed. Results Overall, 9.2% had pyriform sinus fistulae and this proportion was higher than that of patients with 1st branchial anomaly. The mean age at the time of initial symptom presentation was 11.9 years. However, five patients (33.3%) were not diagnosed at that time because pyriform sinus fistula was not suspected. Computed tomography (CT) was the most sensitive diagnostic tool in patients suspected to have pyriform sinus fistulae; the sensitivity of CT was 86.7%, whereas that for esophagography was only 20%. Conservative surgical treatment involving cauterization of the opening of the fistula tract was performed in nine patients and showed favorable results with 22.2% of recurrence rate during a mean follow-up period of 23.1 months. In 67.7% of the patients, the causative organisms were bacteria inhabiting human mouth, suggesting that infection source for pyriform sinus fistula may be food contents and discharge of upper aerodigestive tract. Conclusion The incidence of pyriform sinus fistula may be higher than expected. Therefore, the possibility of pyriform sinus fistulae coexisting should be considered while treating young patients with perithyroidal infection.