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특허청구범위 해석에 관한 연구 : 한국 및 미국 판례를 중심으로
서명조 서울대학교 기술과법센터 2012 Law & technology Vol.8 No.6
특허청구범위 해석은 청구항의 권리범위를 해석하는 과정으로 특허발명의 권리범위를 결정짓는 중요한 과정이다. 무형의 재산권인 특허의 보호범위를 결정짓기에 청구항의 권리범위에 대한 해석을 두고 특허출원 과정이나 특허 라이센스 및 특허침해소송 등의 분쟁 상황에서 양당사자들은 치열한 공방을 하게 된다. 특허청구범위 해석에 관한 객관적이고 합리적인 기준을 마련하기 위해서는 우리나라뿐만 아니라 외국의 법적 기준을 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 미국은 영미법 체계이나 한국은 대륙법 체계로 다른 법체계를 가지고 있다. 특히, 미국의 경우에는 특허 소송이 빈번하게 일어나며 고액 배상의 사례가 많고 그에 따른 다양한 판례가 많이 축적되어 있다. 특허청구범위 해석은 특허 소송에서의 시작점이며 핵심으로 소송과 관련된 판례들을 살펴보고, 미국과 우리나라의 관련된 법과 판례에 대한 비교법적 고찰을 통해 청구범위해석에 있어서의 객관적이고 합리적인 기준을 마련할 수 있으므로 의미가 있으며 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 기능식 청구항의 경우를 예로 들면, 미국에서 인정되는 것과 같이 최근 한국에서도 인정은 되고 있으나, 그 권리범위에 대한 해석의 기준은 국가별로 차이가 있다. 이러한 차이를 이해하는 것은 바람직한 특허청구범위 해석에 대한 객관적이고 합리적인 기준을 제시하는 데 도움이 된다. 특허청구범위 해석의 일반적인 이론에서부터 균등론, 그리고 기능식 청구항과 같이 특수한 청구범위까지 미국과 우리나라의 판단기준을 비교하여 고찰하여 보는 것은 특허 출원, 심사, 소송단계에서의 당사자들 사이의 이해의 폭을 줄여주고 합리적인 해석을 도와줄 것으로 기대된다. The claim interpretation is the very important process to define the right scope of the patentinvention. Because this claim interpretation determine the right scope of the patent which isintangible property, the parties concerned launch a desperate offensive and defensive warfareduring a dispute such as patent license negotiation or patent litigation. We have to see carefullythe law of foreign countries and Korea to set up the objective and rational basis. There are twolegal systems in the world. One is the common law system, another is civil law system. UnitedStates has a common law system, whereas Korea has a civil law system. There have beenmany hundreds of patent litigations and major claims particularly in the United State. Manyprecedents in the patent litigation were accumulated with the consequence that. The claiminterpretation is the point of origin and the core in the patent litigation. To see the related law andthe precedents in United States and Korea would be meaningful and helpful to find the objectiveand rational basis in the claim interpretation by comparative method. For instance, although themeans-plus-functional claim is permitted by United States and Korea, the claim interpretationfor the means-plus-functional claim is not same. To understand the difference is helpful tosuggest the objective and rational basis for the desirable claim interpretation. The study of claiminterpretation from the common theory to the doctrine of equivalents and the means-plus-functional claims will diminish the range of understanding among the parties concerned in thecourse of patent prosecution, patent examination, patent litigation.
서명조,박순규 대한건축학회 2003 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.23 No.1(구조계)
Bond strength of fiber reinforced polymer(FRP) Rope was experimentally investigated in this study and compared to that of steel rebars. A total of 20 pullout specimens and 5 concrete beams with four type of FRP Ropes and two type of steel rebars, respectively, were tested. The key parameters are the diameter, outer surface of FRP Rope and concrete strength. Two nominal diameters of FRP Rope and steel rebars, namely, 10 and 16mm and one embedment length, 25cm were used. Results of the tests indicated that the applied tensile load approached the tensile strength of rebars and the FRP Ropes showed lower bond strength values compared to steel rebars. The bond strength was calculated according to the relevant ACI Code requirements for steel rebars in concrete.
Control of Chain Sequence in Multiblock Polymerization-induced Self-assembly
조수찬,서명은 한국고분자학회 2021 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.46 No.1
Complex compartmentalization of biological molecules such as proteins, is achieved by in-situ folding process during polymerization. Multiblock copolymer self-assembly has attracted attention to mimic multi-compartmentalized nature in soft nano-objects. We report multiblock polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA). We explore multiple chain extension in PISA via reversible addition- fragmentation chain transfer polymerization with different chain sequences. By comparing the resulting micellar morphologies to those obtained from pre-synthesized block copolymers, we will discuss the importance of kinetic pathways for the control of micellar structure.
Photoiniferter-Based Multiblock Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly
조수찬,서명은 한국고분자학회 2021 한국고분자학회 학술대회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.46 No.2
Multiblock copolymer self-assembly has attracted attention to mimic multi-compartmentalized protein nanostructures which are programmed by the amino acid sequence and formed via folding process during polymerization and controlled by the sequence of amino acids. We envision that complex polymer nanooobjects can be produced via multiple chain extensions in the polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) process, which allow us to control the block sequence and the assembly process in situ as each block grows. Here, we explore photoiniferter-based reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for the synthesis of multiblock copolymers in PISA condition. Effect of the block sequence on the evolution of self-assembled structure and access to structures distinct from aggregates of presynthesized block copolymers will be highlighted.
유전자 네트워크 분석을 통한 심근증 마커유전자 탐색 연구
서명석(Moungseock Seo),조명지(Myeongji Cho),손현석(Hyeonseok Son) 서울대학교 보건환경연구소 2018 보건학논집 Vol.55 No.1
Objectives: Cardiomyopathy is a heterogeneous disease with structural and functional abnormalities in the heart muscle, which is characterized by a prognosis of heart failure. Recently, several genes related to this have been found. In this study, we aimed to investigate marker genes that can predict the prognosis of heart failure in cardiomyopathies due to genetic factors through network analysis using microarray data. Methods: GSE1145 data of Gene Expression Omnibus was used as microarray data. 11 of normal, 12 of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy, 11 of ischemic cardiomyopathy and 5 of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were used respectively. The gene network was constructed based on the expression correlation data corresponding to the heart-left ventricle mRNA type of the genotype-tissue expression v5 group, and the centrality analysis was performed using the R program. Results: In the case of heart failure due to cardiomyopathy, a total of 73 genes were specifically regulated. The network analysis of these genes showed high centrality of 10 genes including C1QTNF7, ECM2 and FAM188A. In the 2-mode network analysis between the above genes and the genes responsible for cardiomyopathy, 26 genes including ACTC1, ACTN2, BAG3 and DES showed a high centrality in DCM. In HCM, 10 genes including ACTC1 and ACTN2 showed a significant high centrality. Conclusion: Genes with high centrality in 1-mode network analysis are likely to play an important role in the development of cardiac failure as a prognosis for cardiomyopathy and may therefore be a target for research and treatment of heart failure. Genes with high centrality in the 2-mode network analysis may be used as markers to predict heart failure due to myocardial prognosis through routine diagnostic tests.