모음 높이의 새로운 표기법에 대하여

박천배,Park Cheon-Bae 대한음성학회 1994 말소리 Vol.27 No.-

Processes involving the change of vowel height are natural enough to be found in many languages. It is essential to have a better feature specification for vowel height to grasp these processes properly, Standard Phonology adopts the binary feature system, and vowel height is represented by the two features, i.e., [\pm high] and [\pm low]. This has its own merits. But it is defective because it is misleading when we count the number of features used in a rule to compare the naturalness of rules. This feature system also cannot represent more than three degrees of height, We wi31 discard the binary features for vowel height. We consider to adopt the multivalued feature [n high] for the property of height. However, this feature cannot avoid the arbitrariness resulting from the number values denoting vowel height. It is not easy to expect whether the number in question is the largest or not It also is impossible to decide whether a larger number denotes a higher vowel or a lower vowel. Furthermore this feature specification requires an ad hoc condition such as n > 3 or n \geq 2, whenever we want to refer to a natural class including more than one degree of height The altelnative might be Particle Phonology, or Dependency Phonology. These might be apt for multivalued vowel height systems, as their supporters argue. However, the feature specification of Particle Phonology will be discarded because it does not observe strictly the assumption that the number of the particle a is decisive in representing the height. One a in a representation can denote variant degrees of height such as [e], [I], [a], [a ] and [e ]. This also means that we cannot represent natural classes in terms of the number of the particle a, Dependency Phonology also has problems in specifying a degree of vowel height by the dependency relations between the elements. There is no unique element to represent vowel height since every property has to be defined in terms of the dependency relations between two or more elements, As a result it is difficult to formulate a rule for vowel height change, especially when the phenomenon involves a chain of vowel shifts. Therefore, we suggest a new feature specification for vowel height (see Chapter 3). This specification resorts to a single feature H and a few >'s which refer exclusively to the degree of the tongue height when a vowel is pronounced. It can cope with more than three degrees of height because it is fundamentally a multivalued scalar feature. This feature also obviates the ad hoc condition for a natural class while the [n high] type of multivalued feature suffers from it. Also this feature specification conforms to our expection that the notation should become simpler as the generality of the class increases, in that the fewer angled brackets are used, the more vowels are included, Incidentally, it has also to be noted that, by adopting a single feature for vowel height, it is possible to formulate a simpler version of rules involving the changes of vowel height especially when they involve vowel shifts found in many languages.

will과 would의 기본 의미 연구 -두 편의 영소설을 중심으로-

박천배 ( Cheon Bae Park ) 대한언어학회 2011 언어학 Vol.19 No.2

This thesis focuses on the typology and frequency analysis of various surface meanings of instances of "will" and "would" used in two English novels: Carroll (1865) Alice`s Adventures in Wonderland. and Hemingway (1929) A Farewell to Arms. The result of analysis shows that the meanings of "will" can be grouped chiefly into two types: volition and prediction. The count of occurrences shows that the proportion of ``volition`` is bigger than that of ``prediction`` by 43.9% and by 38.1% respectively, which leads us to conclude that the meaning of ``prediction`` can be considered as the basic lexical meaning of "will" and "would". However, considering the fact that the simple change of subject from the first person to the third person can replace the meaning of ``volition`` (e.g., I will help you) with that of ``prediction`` or simple future (e.g., He will help you), we should assume a bipolar axis of continuum consisting of ``prediction`` and "volition" for its core meanings in connection with the subjects of first person and third person. This axis of meanings, might as well be registered in the lexicon, just like the subcategorization for syntax.

최적성 이론과 말레이어 자음 음운론

박천배(Park, Cheon-Bae) 한국음운론학회 1997 음성·음운·형태론 연구 Vol.3 No.-

The purpose of this paper is to investigate in Optimality Theory the set of constraints which substitutes the set of the rules of Standard Theory which deals with the behaviors of Malay consonants. This paper also works on the ranking of such constraints. The language under consideration is JM (Johore Malay), a Malay dialect spoken in the southern area of Malay Peninsula, and in this language the discrepancies between input and output are observed especially when a nasal consonant is to be followed by other consonants. In order to deal with such phenomena we need to posit the constraints such as *NC_son, *N[C_obstr, RootLin, ICC(P1), Ident(n), Ident(vd), MAX( [C+vd]) and so on. What is notable among these is that the constraint *N[C_obstr has to mention the morpheme boundary between a prefix ending with a nasal consonant and a root beginning with a voiceless obstruent.

한국어 화자의 영어 어말 폐쇄음 파열의 인지와 발음 연구

이보림,이숙향,박천배,강석근,Lee Borim,Lee Sook-hyang,Park Cheon-Bae,Kang Seok-keun 대한음성학회 1999 말소리 Vol.38 No.-

Researches on perception have, in recent years, been increasingly popular as a means of accounting for cross-linguistic sound patterns (Ohala, 1992; Hemming, 1995; Jun, 1995; Steriade, 1997 among others). In loanword phonology, Silverman(1990, 1992) argues that words from a source language are scanned through the perceptual level and that the features perceived by a speaker are stored in the input to be processed according to his/her native language's phonological constraints. The purpose of this paper is to test the validity of Silverman's proposal by examining the correlation between perception and production of Korean learners of English. We specifically focussed on perception and production of stop release by contrasting English loanwords with English words loarned through education to see if there were any significant differences. The results showed that there was no substantive correlation between the Korean speakers' perception of the loanwords pronounced by English speakers and their own production of those words. In the case of English words, however, the Korean speakers' production was closely related with their perception, although some inter-speaker variations were observed. With Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolenksy, 1993) as a theoretical framework of analysis, it was shown that the theory is a useful means of implementing a phonetics-phonology interface and relating perceptual processes with speech production. Specifically, under the assumption that loanwords with [t]~[t/sup h/] alternation (e.g.,'cut') are originally borrowed into Korean as two different input forms, all the alternations could be straightforwardly accounted for in terms of a unified ranking of constraints.

최적성이론과 영어차용어의 음절말자음에 대하여

박천배 대한언어학회 2000 언어학 Vol.8 No.3

Park, Cheon-Bae. 2000. A Study on Optimality Theory and English Loanwords with Obstruent Codas. Journal of the Linguistic Association of Korea, 8(3), 241-257. This paper focuses on the process through which English words are borrowed into the Korean lexicon. It points out that the process of borrowing is completely different from that of using phonological evaluation to pronounce a phrase or a sentence, i.e., that they belong to separate levels. In some cases, where two forms, one with a coda and the other with an inserted vowel, are derived from only one English word, it is argued what matters is the release of a final coda consonant. It is also argued that the coda obstruent [t] with no release should be stored as /s/ in the Korean lexicon. Consequently, English bus([b s]) is stored as /p si/ in the Korean lexicon while Korean 벗([p t] 'friend') has the underlying representation of /p s/. They are destined to suffer the same set of constraints in order to be evaluated as their respective optimal output form. (Wonkwang University)

영어의 모음전환에 의한 중첩현상에 대하여

박천배 대한언어학회 1998 언어학 Vol.6 No.2

Park, Cheon-Bae.. 1998. A Study on English Reduplication with Ablaut Phenomenon. Linguistics, vol 6-2, 289-307. The purpose of this paper is (i) to investigate English reduplicative words, especially the ones that are considered to involve Ablaut phenomenon, and (ii) to give an explanation to the phenomenon in the light of Optimality Theory, or more specifically Correspondence theory, which views it as word-formation based on interactive constraints rather than on ordered copying rules of Standard Theory or Autosegmental Theory. This paper concludes that the essence of the phenomenon is that reduplicative elements are prefixed or suffixed in the obedience to ALIGN constraints, and also that the vowel pairs in those words can be nicely explained by the interaction of ALIGN, POLARITY, and IDENT-BR constraints. (Wonkwang University)

영어의 장/단모음화 현상에 대하여

박천배 서울대학교 어학연구소 1994 語學硏究 Vol.30 No.3

Generative Phonology assumes that allomophs are derived from a unique morpheme through a different set of phonological rules depending on the environment the morpheme occurs in. This means that we can obtain a simpler mental lexicon when we exclude all the allomorphs from the lexicon except only one basic form. On the basis of this assumption, this thesis searches for the optimal forms of rules and underlying representations to account for vowel lengthening and shortening in English in a framework combining Standard Theory and Lexical Phonology. We suggest that the underlying representations of some lexical entries have latent moras which are to be activated by Latent Mora Activation Rule on a later cycle after the application of Shortening Rules. Under this new approach, Shortening Rules apply with no exceptions and get a greater generalization of the rules; Latent Mora Activation Rule produces the effect of lengthening and obviates the previous Lengthening Rules which are infected with various demerits. The phonological rules and the explanations presented above show that the alternations between short vowels and (usually one grade higher) long vowels (or diphthongs) are due to the interaction among exceptionless Vowel Shift, Diphthongization, Shortening Rules, and Latent Mora Activation Rule. This system of rule interaction makes the grammar simpler, more general, and thus, more optimal.

A Study on Characteristics and Styles of Black English

Park,Cheon-Bae 圓光大學校 1996 論文集 Vol.32 No.1

이 논문에서는 영어의 여러 방언 중에서 흑인 영어의 음운론적이거나 문법적인 특성들과 아울러 흑인 영어가 대화 특히 거리에서의 대화에서 보여주는 다양한 스타일에 관해 고찰해 보았다. 그 결과 흑인 영어는 많은 부분에서 음운론적으로 또는 문법적으로 백인들의 표준 영어와 다른 자신만의 체계를 가진 별도의 방언으로 취급되어야 함을 알 수 있었다. 특히 대화에서 흑인이 채택하는 여러 가지 다양한 스타일과 현란한 말솜씨 또는 표현 기술들은 백인의 표준 영어와 확연히 구분되는 이질적인 문화를 바탕으로 하고 있다. 즉, 백인들의 문화는 글 중심인데 반하여, 흑인들의 문화는 말하는 솜씨를 예술의 경지로까지 인정하는 말에 기반을 둔 문화라는 것이다. 이 근본적인 차이는 서로간의 이해를 가로막을 수 있는 장벽으로 작용하여, 경제 사회적으로 열세에 있는 흑인들은 표준영어를 제 2의 언어로 배워야 하는 부담 외에도, 글 중심의 문화에 적응하기 어렵다는 점 때문에 많은 불리함을 안고 살아가야 한다. 사실 많은 흑인 어린이들은 영어 읽기 능력이 떨어지며 9학년의 많은 학생들이 6학년 보다 읽기에 있어 더 나을 게 없다고 한다. 독서 능력 부재가 일어나는 원인 중의 하나는 이미 언급한 바와 같이 미국의 지배 계층인 백인의 문화가 글 중심인데 반하여, 흑인의 문화는 말 중심이라는 것이다. 또한, 흑인 영어는 열등하거나 문법적인 오류 투성이라는 것은 편견이며, 단지 백인의 영어와 다른 문법체계와 발음 체계를 가지고 있다는 것을 인식할 필요가 있다. 한국의 학생들은 영어의 다양한 방언들에 관해서 잘 알지 못하는데, 그 이유는 중고등학교에서 단지 표준 영어만을 배우기 때문이다. 특히 여러 개의 가능한 답 중에서 단 하나의 옳은 답을 찾도록 훈련받아 왔기 때문에 하나의 문항에 대해 여러 답안이 존재할 수 있다는 가능성은 처음부터 배제하는 경향이 있다. 그러므로 외국인과의 대화에서도 자기 의사를 표현할 수 있는 여러 다양한 방법이 있음에도 불구하고 자신이 완전히 옳다고 확신할 수 있는 단 하나의 대답만을 찾으려 하고, 그 확신이 없을 때에는 입을 다물고 대답을 회피하는 경향이 있다. 만약 방언들을 고려한다면 문법 사항을 묻는 문항조차도 여러 답안이 가능할 것이다. 우리 대학생들에게 흑인 영어와 같은 방언의 존재를 가르침으로써 사지선다 문항의 폐해를 조금이나마 줄일 수 있지 않을까 한다.