여성의 글쓰기에 대한 남성 작가들의 불안 : 19세기 미국소설 연구

박연옥(Yunok Park) 한국영미어문학회 2005 영미어문학 Vol.- No.75

In the 1850s while Hawthorne and Melville were producing their best literary works, a number of women writers were also producing lots of novels. Although most of the latter writers were excluded from the literary criticisms of the canonical American novel that had been published between 1940 and 1970, those women writers had achieved both commercial and critical success by writing domestic or sentimental novels. But their works had been depreciated by the major male critics who had published their major criticisms in the 1950s and 1960s, for the 'sentimentality' of their works. Since 1970s, however, the appearance of such feminist critics as Nina Baym and Jane Tompkins who persuasively supported the women writers' writings by arguing that the domestic/sentimental novel in the mid-nineteenth century had "intellectual complexity" and "subversion" enough to be appreciated as a cultural genre, has divested the male-centered myth of the few canonical male writers. Built on this fact, in this paper I attempt to argue that Hawthorne and Melville were not like modernist artists who surpassed their period in their thinking and were aloof from literary popularity. That is, they were not free from the responses of the literary marketplace in their time as has been rendered in literary history, even though they wanted to appear as such. Rather, it will be shown that Hawthorne and Melville actively responded to receptions from the literary marketplace on their works; and furthermore, that they were awed by the popularity of the contemporary women writers' works and their threatening productivity, and reacted to them very sensitively. Thus, by analyzing the letters and works written by Hawthorne and Melville, I try to find out their sometimes jealous and sometimes overwhelmed responses to the women's writings and the literary marketplace.

감정노동이 사회적 지원, 서비스 제공수준, 조직몰입, 직무만족도에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

박연옥(Yeon Ok Park) 한국관광연구학회 2015 관광연구저널 Vol.29 No.9

Emotional labor in service corporations who provide service encounter as airlines make negative effect on organization performance by a gap between actual emotion of employees and standard of emotional expression despite services that meet the norm are provided to customers. Therefore, corporations need plans to reduce negative effect of emotional labor on service providing level as assessing variables control a relationship between emotional labor and service providing level of employees. Therefore, this study on the effect of emotional labor on social support, service providing level, organization commitment, and job satisfaction was conducted on airline employees of the contact sector who make direct influences on the management result to provide basic data necessary for the development of airlines to be diversified and segmented in the future by investigating the effect of emotional labor, social support on service providing level and job attitude. As a result, it was identified that emotional labor affects on social support in general, organization support and coworker support, except supervisor support, among social support make effect on procedural service support of service providing level, and among social support, coworker and supervisor support except organization support affects on personal service supporter of service providing level. As a result of investigating the influential relationship of service providing level on organizational commitment and job satisfaction, the service providing level affected on organizational commitment, and personal service support of service providing level affects on service support except procedural service support.

상이한 재료로 제조된 자연발효식초의 품질특성 비교

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park) 한국식품영양과학회 2018 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.47 No.1

본 연구는 상이한 재료를 이용한 4종의 자연발효식초를 2단계 발효법으로 제조하여 각 식초의 이화학적 품질특성과 항산화 활성을 비교하여 기능성 발효식초의 품질향상을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 각 식초의 pH, 총산도, 당도, 색도, 아미노산 함량, 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량, 폴리페놀 성분, DPPH 라디칼 소거능 등을 분석하였다. 3종의 현미식초는 pH 3.3~3.4, 총산도 4.1~5.1%로 유의적으로 차이를 보였으며 전체적으로 저산도 식초였다. 당도는 해초현미식초가 유의적으로 가장 높았으며(P<0.05), 현미식초의 명도가 가장 높았고 적색도는 배흑미식초, 황색도는 해초현미식초가 높아 식초 제조 시 첨가한 재료에 따라 유의적인 차이(P<0.05)를 보였다. 필수아미노산 함량은 울금현미식초의 valine, leucine, lysine, threonine 등이 유의적인 차이를 보이며 가장 많았고 전반적으로 현미식초가 배흑미식초보다 더 많이 함유하였다. 비필수아미노산은 전체적으로 aspartic acid와 glutamic acid의 함량이 많았으며, aspartic acid는 해초현미식초가 38.7 mg/100 mL로 유의적으로 가장 많았고 glutamic acid는 울금현미식초가 128.1 mg/100 mL로 가장 많았다(P<0.05). 총 폴리페놀 함량은 유의적으로 울금현미식초가 54.7 mg GAE/100 mL로 가장 많았으며 해초현미식초가 48.4 mg GAE/100 mL로 다음 순이었다. 총 플라보노이드 함량은 배흑미식초가 9.09 mg CE/100 mL로 가장 많았고 현미식초가 0.62 mg CE/100 mL로 현저하게 낮았다. 폴리페놀 성분은 해초현미식초의 protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid 등이 유의적으로 가장 많았고 재료에 따라 성분의 함량은 차이를 보였다. DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성은 총 폴리페놀 함량과 비례하여 울금현미식초의 소거 활성이 76%로 유의적으로 가장 높았으며 배흑미식초, 해초현미식초, 현미식초 순이었다(P<0.05). 즉 각 식초에 함유한 총 폴리페놀 함량에 따라 DPPH 라디칼 소거 활성이 차이를 보였다. 결론적으로 상이한 재료를 이용하고 전통적인 2단계 발효법으로 제조한 4종의 자연발효식초 모두 품질특성이 우수하지만, 특히 울금현미식초는 저산도 식초로서 아미노산 함량도 풍부하고 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 성분과 함량이 많아서 DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 등 항산화 활성이 우수하여 조미용뿐만 아니라 음료용으로 폭넓게 산업화로 개발한다면 국민건강 향상을 위한 새로운 기능성 식초로서 활용도가 높을 것으로 생각된다. This study was performed to evaluate the quality characteristics of four kinds of natural fermented vinegars manufactured with different raw materials (PBV, pear black rice vinegar; BRV, brown rice vinegar; CBV, curcuma root brown rice vinegar; SBV, sea grass brown rice vinegar), including pH, total acidity, color, contents of sugar, amino acids, total polyphenols, total flavonoids, polyphenolic compounds, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. The total acidity of vinegars was significantly different and ranged from 4.1∼5.1% (P<0.05). L, a, and b values were the highest in BRV, PBV, and SBV, respectively. Among the four vinegars, essential amino acids were the highest in CBV in the order of valine, leucine, lysine, and threonine. Additionally, four kinds of natural fermented vinegars have many non-essential amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Aspartic acid content was highest in SBV while glutamic acid content was highest in CBV. The total polyphenol content was highest in CBV while total flavonoid content was highest in PBV. Polyphenolic compounds such as protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, and coumaric acid were highest in SBV. DPPH radical scavenging activity (%) was the highest in CBV. These results show that CBV manufactured using two-stage fermentation would be desirable to prepare high-quality vinegars and functional foods.

델파이 기법과 AHP기법을 사용한 통합의료정책 우선순위 수립 연구

박연옥(Youn Ok Park),손지형(Chi Hyoung Son) 한의병리학회 2015 동의생리병리학회지 Vol.29 No.1

감정노동이 서비스 제공수준, 조직몰입, 직무만족에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구

박연옥(Yeon Ok Park),안성식(Sung Sik Ahn) 한국관광연구학회 2015 관광연구저널 Vol.29 No.6

Today we have experienced a shift from manufacturing to more service-based industries. As service sector are forming an ever greater part of the whole industries, the clamor for recognition of the importance of emotional labor is occurring. The main focus will be reasons why the emotional display of hospitality service employees such as hotel staff or airline crew can determine customers’ service quality. Organizational research has focused on the ways to reduce the employees’ negative emotion on service quality with an organizational perspective. And to do that, we need to identify the factors adjusting the correlation between emotional labor and service quality. Furthermore, there is no match between employees` real feeling on the job and the feelings they ought to express organizationally. Such emotional dissonance may have a negative impact on organizational performance. The importance of service providers` emotional labor has been largely discussed, nevertheless the studies of emotional labor still leave much to be desired in many ways. The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of emotional labor on organizational commitment and job satisfaction in the airline industry. The consequences of this research is presented as follows: First, procedural service level is negatively affected by the dimensions such as variety of emotions to be displayed, intensity of emotional expression, and emotional dissonance while the frequency of emotional display has no impact on the quality of service. Second, personal service level is negatively affected by emotional dissonance and intensity of emotional display, whileas the variety of emotions to be displayed and frequency of emotional display have no influence on personal service level. Third, procedural service level and personal service level have a positive impact on three separable components of organizational commitment such as affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment. Finally, job satisfaction is directly influenced by all three parts of organizational commitment such as affective, continuance, and normative. Implications for future theory development and empirical research on emotional labor are discussed as well.

호손, 제노비아, 그리고 문학시장

박연옥(Yunok Park) 한국영미어문학회 2013 영미어문학 Vol.- No.109

This paper attempts to analyze the attitudes of the main characters in Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance to the 'separate spheres' as well as Hawthorne's attitude toward the contemporary women writers revealed in his private writings. Especially, the narrator Coverdale's and Hawthorne's attitudes may reflect male writers' anxiety on the "feminized" literary marketplace at the time. The poet narrator Coverdale is attracted by the female protagonist Zenobia's sexuality but also has repugnance against her popularity as a writer and reformer for women's rights. He discounts Zenobia's ability as a writer and maliciously describes her death. Coverdale's treatment of Zenobia reminds us of Hawthorne's description of Margaret Fuller's death in Ire French and Italian Notebooks. This paper concludes that Hawthorne punishes the strong female character Zenobia who resembles Fuller by putting her to death, for crossing the gender boundaries by becoming a writer and female reformer.

추출용매에 따른 조릿대 잎 추출물의 항산화활성

박연옥(Yeon-Ok Park),임현숙(Hyeon-Sook Lim) 한국식품영양과학회 2009 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.38 No.12

본 연구에서는 조릿대 잎의 물과 70% 에탄올 조추출물 2종 및 70% 에탄올 조추출물의 분획 5종에 함유된 총 폴리페놀과 총 플라보노이드 함량을 정량하고, 이들 조추출물과 분획의 항산화 활성을 검증하고자 전자공여능, SOD 유사활성, 환원력 및 지질과산화물 생성억제능을 측정하였다. 조추출물 2종의 수율은 물과 70% 에탄올 각각 8.5%와 11.4%이었다. 분획 5종의 수율은 5.1∼0.6%이었으며, aqueous, n-butanol, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate 분획 순으로 높았다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 물과 70% 에탄올 추출물은 두 조추출물 간에 유의한 차이가 없었으나 총 플라보노이드 함량은 70% 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물보다 유의하게 많았다. 분획 5종의 총 폴리페놀 함량은 chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous, n-hexane 분획 순으로 많았고, chloroform 분획은 타 분획에 비해 유의성 있게 많았다. 각 분획별 총 플라보노이드 함량은 ethyl acetate, chloroform, n-hexane, n-butanol, aqueous 분획 순으로 함량이 높았으며, chloroform과 ethyl acetate 분획은 타 분획에 비해 유의적으로 많았다. 물과 70% 에탄올 조추출물은 모두 BHT에 비해, 유의성 있게 높거나 또는 같은 수준의 지질과산화물 생성억제능을 보였으며, 동일한 수준의 SOD 유사활성을 나타내었다. 다만, 전자공여능과 환원력은 BHT에 비해 낮았다. 물과 70% 에탄올 조추출물 간에 이들 항산화 활성은 다르지 않았다. 다만, 전자공여능만 일부 농도에서 70% 에탄올 조추출물이 물 조추출물에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 분획 5종은 모두 BHT에 비해 유의성 있게 높거나 같은 수준의 지질과산화물 생성억제능을 보였다. Chloroform과 ethyl acetate 및 n-butanol의 세 분획은 전자공여능과 SOD 유사활성도 BHT에 비해 유의하게 높았다. 다만, 환원력은 분획 5종 모두 BHT보다 낮았다. 조추출물 2종과 분획 5종의 전자공여능이나 SOD 유사활성, 환원력 및 지질과산화물 생성억제능 모두 본 연구에서 실험한 농도 범위에서, 농도 의존적으로 증가했거나 또는 증가하는 추세를 보였다. 이러한 연구결과에 기초해 조릿대 잎의 물 또는 70% 에탄올의 조추출물이나 70% 에탄올의 조추출물의 chloroform과 ethyl acetate 및 n-butanol 분획은 천연 항산화제로서 특히, 지질의 과산화를 방지하는 용도로서의 활용 가치가 있다고 결론지을 수 있다. 또한 건강기능성 소재로서의 식품산업 분야에 특히, 지질과산화물 생성억제능과 SOD 유사활성이 BHT보다 우수했고, 전자공여능을 보인 점은 이들 추출물이나 분획이 생체 내에서 활성산소종을 제거하고 생체막의 구성성분의 과산화를 방지하는 등 건강기능성 작용을 수행할 것이란 점을 시사한다. This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activity of bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extract by measuring electron donating ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Two crude extracts by water or 70% EtOH and five fractions of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous from the crude extract of 70% EtOH were prepared for this study. The crude extracts of water and 70% EtOH yielded 8.5% and 11.4%, respectively and the yields of n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous fractions were 5.1% to 0.6%. Total polyphenol contents of the water and the 70% EtOH crude extracts were not significantly different; however, their total flavonoid contents were significantly greater in the 70% EtOH than in the water crude extract. Total polyphenol contents were the highest in chloroform fraction followed by ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions and total flavonoid contents were the highest in ethyl acetate fraction followed by chloroform and n-hexane fractions. The two crude extracts as well as the five fractions showed election donating ability, SOD-like ability, reducing power, and lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. Most of the antioxidant activities of each crude extract or fractions increased proportionally with the concentration. These results indicate that bamboo (Sasa borealis) leaf extracts show antioxidant activities due to its substantial content of polyphenol including flavonoid. Thus, it could be concluded that crude extracts by water or 70% EtOH and the fractions from the 70% EtOH extract, especially chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol, would be useful as natural antioxidant substances.

간호사와 환자가 인지하는 환자존중 비교 연구

박연옥 ( Yon Ok Park ),문경선 ( Kyung Sun Moon ),정명숙 ( Myung Suk Chung ),김효심 ( Hyo Sim Kim ) 한국의료윤리학회 2006 한국의료윤리학회지 Vol.9 No.2

A study was designed to compare patients` and nurses` views on the expectations and performance related to ``respect for patients.`` The subjects of this study, which was approved by an Institutional Review Board, were 276 nurses working in general wards or intensive care units and 172 patients admitted to the general ward of a university hospital in South Korea.?The instrument used in the study was based on the concept of Respect for Patients developed by Yoo Myoung-Ran. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS WIN 12.0 with a paired t-test, independent t-test, and a one way ANOVA. The results were as follows. First, there was a statistically significant difference between nurses` views of the expectations and performance levels related to respect for patients (p=.000). Second, there was a statistically significant difference between patients` views of expectations and performance?levels related to respect for patients (p=.000). Third, the level of expectation concerning respect for patients as viewed by nurses and patients was 4.46 and 4.22 respectively. This was a statistically significant difference (p=.000). The level of performance related to respect for patients as viewed by nurses and patients was 3.48 and 3.82 respectively. This too was a statistically significant difference (p=.000). Fourth, there was a statistically significant difference in the level of expectations concerning respect for patients relative to the level of the nurses` education (p=.015) and a statistically significant difference in the level of performance related to respect for patients relative to the nurses` working place (p=.001). There was a statistically significant difference in the level of expectations concerning respect for patients relative to patients` income levels (p=.009) and a statistically significant difference in the level of performance concerning respect for patients relative to patients` income levels (p=.005) and religion (p=.037).

에이햅과 자본주의 문학시장

박연옥 ( Yun Ok Park ) 근대영미소설학회 2000 근대 영미소설 Vol.7 No.1

As numerous critics have argued, in Moby-Dick Melville presents, in addition to the narrator Ishmael, various other artist figures who represent meditations on the issues of authorship of concern in his essay "Hawthorne and His Mosses." Among them, in particular, Ahab embodies a version of Melville`s view of the male author, deep-diving masculine genius. When he insists on killing Moby Dick purely as a concrete personification of "all the subtle demonisms of life and thought," regardless of its commercial value, Ahab as an artist champions "meaning instead of money and pits himself against Starbuck, a practical commercialist who sees Moby Dick as a "dumb brute" and insists that whaling is a marketplace enterprise. In this paper I argue that Ahab is rendered as an author figure who is at once self-destructive and heroic; that Ahab`s masculine values are privileged over his feminine ones; and that this is proved through some textual evidence that shows not only Ahab`s gendered and hierarchical language but also Melville`s own which supports Ahab`s view. Melville`s use of gendered language and his defence of the Ahab`s masculine genius is a challenge to the current commercial literary marketplace in the l850s when Melville`s major novels including Moby-Dick were published, especially a challenge to the "feminized" literary marketplace. I also suggest that, in his characterization of Ahab, Melville does not treat masculine and feminine qualities as cultural products but rather as essentialized tendencies that exist in opposition within self; and those that Melville privileges as superior and masculine-the imagination and the intellect-seem to be the core of what he sees as the faculty of genius, which at some level he equates with "immaculate manliness" and sees as a kind of "gift" of the divine.

"잘려나간" 굴뚝과 남성 작가의 좌절: 멜빌의 단편소설 연구

박연옥 ( Yun Ok Park ) 근대영미소설학회 2002 근대 영미소설 Vol.9 No.2

Among Melville`s magazine stories written between 1853 and 1855, many deal with figures for the "failed" male artist placed in a variety of domestic, social, and commercial settings. In this paper, I discuss his three later stories, "Jimmy Rose," "The Apple-Tree Table," and "I and My Chimney," in which the old-fashioned male householders and the female family members with more modern spirit in everything compete for the authority in the house. I argue that this lond of gender conflict between the male and the female m the domestic setting can be read as a projection of Melville`s conflict with the "feminized" literary marketplace at the time Therefore, mainly focusing on the last short story, I am trying to figure out Melville`s perspective on the marketplace and domestic relationship of the male protagonist and on the consequence for himself to his vision. "I and My Chimney" features, in the narrator`s relation to its central symbol, one of the author`s richest images for the need to defend masculine genius against the assaults of a feminizing world The "beheaded" chimney, which the narrator calls his "backbone," functions as a kind of phallic monument to Melville`s own literary career, damaged but not destroyed, and with its foundations still in place.