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마점술(馬点述) 대한바이러스학회 1971 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.1 No.1
Twenty-one viral strains have been isolated in primary cultures of calf kidney cells from fecal specimens collected from cattle, apparently healthy or showing various elinical manifestations, in various parts of Japan. Of these isolates three strains, BF-20, BFS-1 and BFK-1, were examined regarding the biological, physicochemical and immunological properties in the present study. The three strains were shown to be strains of the enterovirus group on the bases of the size of virlon, the type of viral nucleic acid, the resistance to ether, chloroform and deoxycholate and the acid stability. Thus, the strains were filtrable through Sartorius membrane filters with a pore size of 50mg. The multiplication of the strains in bovine kidney cell cultures was not inhibited with 50mg/ml of 5-iodo-2'-deoxyu- ridine in the culture medium. The strains lost no infectivity by treatment with 50% anesthetic ether at room temperature for 30 minutes, with 0.5% chloroform at room temperature for 30 minutes, or vith 0.01% sodium deoxycholate at room temperature for 2 hours. The strains were very stable at pH 3 to 9 with a slight loss of infectivity at pH 2.5 when stored at 4C for 18 hours. The strains were relatively resistant to ultraviolet irradication. They were readily inactivated by heating at 56C or higher, slowly lost infectivity at 37C or room temperature, but they could be stored without any significant loss of infectivity at 4, -20 or -80C. Worthy to note is a difference in inactivation at 50C shown between BF 20 and the other two strains. When tested with undiluted infectious culture fluids, strain BF 20 showed no significant 'decrease in titer after heating at 50C for 60 minutes, whereas strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 demonstrated considerable losses of infectivity to 10-4 or 10-4 of the original titers after the heating. This difference was also observed when the infectious culture fluids were diluted tenfold with distilled water and then heated at 50C for 60 minutes.Thus, the infectious titer decreased only about tenfold with strain BF 20 in contrast with 10 to 10-fold decrease with strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 from inactivation by incubation at 50C for 60 minutes. The slight inactivation of strain BF20 at 50C was also suppressed with 1M.MgC1,. All the strains readily multiplied and induced cytopathic effect in various cell cultures: primary cell cultures of bovine kidney and testicle, swine kidney, chick embryo, and chick kidney, and cultures of bovine embryo kidney cells subcultured many times, BHK21 cells of baby hamster kidney origin and HmLu stable line cells of hamster lung origin. Serial passages were readily accomplished in these cultures and the infectivity usually reached peak titers of 10 to 10 TCID/ml in 18 to 24 hours of incubation at 34C. Strain BF20, however, showed slower growth with lower peak titers in chick kidney and chick embryo cell cultures than in the other cultures, and strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 did so in bovine testicle cell cultures. The strains induced similar cytological changes in infected cultures, consisting of rounding, shrinkage and deterioration of the cells alnd sloughing of the glass surface. Caves developed no clinical signs and symptoms when inoculated per orally with these three strains. The viruses, however, were excreted in feces for fairly long periods of time, and neutralizing antibodies were praduced, indicating that the viruses actually infected the animals. The strains showed no pathogenicity for rabbits and guinea pigs by the intraperitoneal or intravenous route. No illness was induced in mice, 24 hours to 10 days of age, inoculated intracerbrally or intraperitoneally with these strains. Blind passages were carried out by both routes at 4-day intervals, through the 3 or 4th generation. No illness occurred in none of the inoculated mice and no virus was recovered from various tissues of those rnice. Strain BFS-1 grew in developing hens eggs when inoculated into the yolk sac, or the allantoic cavity,
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馬雅琦(마아기) 한국교통대학교 동아시아연구소 2021 동아문헌연구 Vol.- No.-
“Lianhualao”(蓮花落)was originally written as “lianhuale”(蓮花樂)in the Song Dynasty, the last word from “le”(樂)to “lao”(落),this is caused by the literary pronunciation. “Lianhualao”(蓮花落)is the phonetic word, its original character is “lianhualou”(連話謱)or “lianlou” (謰謱), which means speak incessantly and indistinctly, that is the social cognition of the beggar beg for food.
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속력 문제의 해결에서 나타나는 중학생의 양적 추론 사례 연구
마민영 ( Ma Minyoung ),임동규 ( Lim Dongkyu ) 인하대학교 교육연구소 2021 교육문화연구 Vol.27 No.3
본 사례 연구의 목적은 중학교 1학년 학생 10명을 대상으로 속력 문제의 해결에서 나타나는 양적 추론을 분석하는 것이다. 그 결과, 학생들에게 제시된 문제 상황이 같더라도 학생들마다 구성하는 양들 사이의 관계는 다를 수 있으며, 이는 문제 상황에 대한 이해, 문제 해결을 위한 방식, 대수적 표현 등 문제 해결 과정 전반에 영향을 미친다는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 양적 추론은 대수적 추론의 바탕을 이루고 그 의미를 풍부하게 해준다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 문제 해결 교육의 방법과 내용에 대한 시사점을 제시하는 하나의 경험적 근거자료가 될 것으로 사료된다. This case study aims to analyze the quantitative reasoning of middle school students who solve speed problem. The relations among quantities that students construct while solving speed problem are different. Quantitative reasoning significantly impacts the problem-solving process. Moreover, it forms the basis of algebraic reasoning and enhances their implication. These results are considered to be empirical evidence that suggests implications for the method and content of problem solving education.
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마점술(馬点述) 대한바이러스학회 1972 Journal of Bacteriology and Virology Vol.2 No.1
The strains produced hemagglutinin in cell cultures although its production varied in different cells; in some cases virus grew well but no hemagglutinin was detected. In hemagglutination strain BF20 differed again from strains BFS-1 and BFK-1 The latter two strains agglutinated erythrocytes of guinea pig and mouse and did not thos of monkey, hourse, swine and sheep, whereas strain BF20 agglutinated erythrocytes of all these spacies. Hemagglutination occurred at 4C, and the optimum pH was 7.4. The tests were readily read after 2 hours of reaction with monkey erythrocytes, but it took a long time of 18 to 20 hours when erythrocytes of the other species were used.
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