수치모델을 이용한 해상어류가두리양식장의 환경관리 방안

권정노,정래홍,강양순,안경호,이원찬,Kwon, Jung-No,Jung, Rae-Hong,Kang, Yang-Soon,An, Kyoung-Ho,Lee, Won-Chan 한국해양학회 2005 바다 Vol.10 No.4

해상어류가두리양식장의 양식 활동이 해양환경에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 통영주변의 해상어류가두리양식장(Site A)에서 해수유동, 퇴적물, 저서동물 및 트랩 등의 현장조사와 수치모델-DEPOMOD를 이용하여 가두리양식장의 고형물 침강량 예측과 적정 고형물 침강량 산정으로 해상가두리양식장의 환경관리 방안을 제시하였다. 조사대상인 Site A 해상어류가두리양식장의 입식 어종은 common sea bass(Lafeolabrax japonicus), red seabream(Pagrus major), striped breakperch(Oplegnathus fasciatus) 등 4종이고, 입식량은 227,800미 (23.1MT) 였다. 가두리양식장의 입식밀도는 $43.0kg\;m^{-2}(6.1kg\;m^{-3})$ 이고, 사료투여 량은 $30.8g\;kg^{-1}day^{-1}(1.32kg\;m^{-2}day^{-1})$ 이였다. Site A 가두리양식장 중심의 저층 퇴적물의 ORP, AVS, COD, 탄소 및 질소 농도는 각각 -334.6mV, $0.43mg\;g^{-1}dry,\;17.75mg\;g^{-l}dry,\;10.19mg\;g^{-1}dry$ 및 $3.49mg\;g^{-1}dry$ 였다. 저서동물은 Capitella capitata가 $57.8\%$로 우점하였고, Infaunal Trophical Index(ITI)는 가두리 가장자리에서 20m 거리 내까지 20 이하로 나타났다. 트랩조사 결과 Site A의 고형물 침강량은 0m에서 $34,485g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$, 42m지점에서 $18,915g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$침강하는 것으로 나타났다 모델 예측 결과 Site A의 사료 미섭이율은 $40\%$, 연간 고형물 침강량은 63,401 kg으로 연간 사료 급이량의 $24.4\%$이고, 고형물 침강 면적은 $8,450m^2$으로 가두리 시설 면적의 16배인 것으로 예측되었다. ITI와 저서동물의 풍도를 통한 Site A의 지속 가능한 고형물 침강량은 $10,000g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ 이하 인 것으로 예측되었다. 가두리양식장에서 고형물 침강량의 주 요인은 높은 미섭이율이고, 고형물 침강량을 최소화 하기 위해서는 사료 섭이효율을 높여주어야 한다. 모델에 따르면 미섭이율을 $40\%$에서 $10\%$로 줄이면 고형물 침강량이 1/2 수준으로 감소되는 것으로 예측되었고, 습사료, 생사료의 사용 대신에 배합사료(EP)를 사용할 경우 $57\%$정도 침강량이 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 가두리양식장의 허가면적에 대한 시설 면적비는 $5\%$미만이 적정한 것으로 판단된다. To study the effects of aquaculture activity of marine cage fish farms on marine environment, field researches including hydrography, sediment, benthos and trap experiment at the marine cage fish farms(Site A) around estuaries of Tongyeong city were carried out during June $26\~27$, 2003. A simulation using numerical model-DEPOMOD was conducted to predict the solid deposition from fish cage and to assess the probable solid deposition, and the efficiency of environmental management of marine cage fish farms was studied. The marine cage fish farms cultured mainly common sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus), red seabream (Pagrus major), striped breakperch (Oplegnathus fasciatus) and black rockfish(Sebastes schlegeli), and total amount of cultured fish of the Site A were 23.1MT. The amount of husbandry fish by unit area(and volume) of the fish cage was $43.0kg\;m^{-2}(6.1kg\;m^{-3})$. The daily mean amounts of food fed by unit biomass and cage area were $30.8g\;kg^{-1}day^{-1},\;1.32kg\;m^{-2}day^{-1},$ respectively, at the Site A. The concentration of ORP of the sediment below the center at the Site A was -334.6 mV and the concentrations of AVS, COD, Carbon and Nitrogen were $0.43mg\;g^{-1}dry,\;17.75mg\;g^{-1}dry,\;10.19mg\;g^{-1}dry\;and\;3.49mg\;g^{-1}dry$, respectively. Capitella capitata was dominant benthic species which occupied $57.8\%$ of total species, and the Infaunal Trophical Index(ITI) was marked below 20 within 20 m distance from the edge of the Site A. The result of trap experiment, the solid deposition from the Site A was $34,485g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ at 0 m from the center of the cage and $18,915g\;m^{-2}yr^{-1}$ at 42 m. From a model simulation, it was estimated that using a model simulation, the proportion of unfed food was $40\%$ at the Site A and the annual total amount of solid deposition was 63,401 accounting for $24.4\%$ of the annual total food fed at the Site A. The area solid deposition settled was estimated to be $8,450m^2$, which was about 16 times of the total area of fish cage at the Site A. And concerning ITI and abundance of benthos, the model predicted that sustainable solid flux at the Site A was below $10,000gm^{-2}yr^{-1}$. The percentage of food wasted was main element of solid deposition at the marine cage fish farms, and for minimizing solid deposition it is necessary to increase the efficiency of the food uptake. Based on the result of the model simulation, if the percentage of food wasted decreases to $10\%$ from the current $40\%$, then the solid deposition could decrease to a half. In addition, it was predicted that if farmers use EP pellets as food fed instead of MP and fish trash, solid deposition could decrease by $57\%$. Also this study proposes that the cage facility ratio of the licensed area be decreased to less than $5\%$ to minimize the sediment pollution.

장기관측자료에 의한 금강하구둑 수문조작에 따른 수질 변화 평가

권정노,김종구,고태승,KWON Jung-No,KIM Jong-Gu,KO Tae-Seung 한국수산과학회 2001 한국수산과학회지 Vol.34 No.4

This study was conducted to estimation of change characteristics for water quality by the dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary. The estimation data made use of surveyed data in Keum River estuary by NERDI (National Fisheries Research and Development Institute) during $1990\~1999$. Shown to compare water quality changes at st. A and st. D in Figure 1, the concentrations of TSS, COD and nutrients at st. A were as high as about $2\~4$ times than those at st. D due to affection of fresh water discharge in the Keum River. The percentages of water quality change at surface water by dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary were shown that TSS (Total Suspended Solid) was decrease to $56\%,\;47\%$ at st. A and D, and COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) was increase to $68\%,\;71\%$ at st. A and D, respectively. The changes percentage of DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) by dyke gate operation in the Keum River estuary were increase high to $95\%$ at surface water and $7\sim30\%$ at bottom water, but those of DIP (Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus) were increase to $2.8\sim8.6\%$ at surface water and $28\%$ at bottom water. The range of fluctuation for water quality at each station by dyke gate operation has shown that salinity and TSS are little better than before dyke gate operation, but COD show highly fluctuation. Also we studied estimation of characteristics of water quality change by the season, COD was increased except the summer, TSS was decreased to all season. DIN was increased to about $61\sim172.1\%$ for all season, but DIP was increased to the spring and decreased to the autumn, DIN enrichment in the estuary by dyke gate operation are interpreted to improvement of organic matter decomposition and nitrification by increasing the residence time and to increase nutrient flux in sediments due to decreasing dissolved oxygen and increasing a deposit matter.

하계 금강하구 주변해역의 수질특성과 수질변동 요인분석

권정노(Jung-No Kwon),김종구(Jong-Gu Kim),유선재(Sun-Jae You) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2000 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.3 No.4

고성만 수질의 장기변동 특성

권정노(Jung No, Kwon) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2010 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.13 No.4

남해 마산만 수질의 장기 변동 특성

권정노(Jung-No Kwon),임재현(Jae-Hyun Lim),심정희(Jeonghee Shim),이장호(Jangho Lee),최태준(Tae-Jun Choi) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2014 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.17 No.3

진해만의 장기 수질변동 특성

권정노(Jung-No Kwon),이장호(Jangho Lee),김영숙(Youngsug Kim),임재현(Jae-Hyun Lim),최태준(Tae-Jun Choi),예미주(Mi-Ju Ye),전지원(Ji-Won Jun),김슬민(Seulmin Kim) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2014 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.17 No.4

한산거제만 해역의 수질 장기변동 특성

권정노(Jung-No, Kwon),박영철(Young-Chul Park),엄기혁(Ki-Hyuk Eom) 한국해양환경·에너지학회 2013 한국해양환경·에너지학회지 Vol.16 No.3

남빙양 새우의 생태학적 특성

이장욱,권정노,김태익,양원석,LEE Jang-Uk,KWON Jung-No,KIM Tae-Ik,YANG Weon-Suk 한국수산과학회 1994 한국수산과학회지 Vol.27 No.2

대서양 남빙양 새우의 주된 분포역은 South George Island, Laurie/Coronation Islands와 Livingston/King George Islands 지역으로 공간적인 구분을 뚜렷이 하였다. 어획 수심은 층에서 150 m층까지 달했고, 10 m층으로 구분한 단위노력당어획량의 수직 분포는 층간에 큰 차이가 없었으나 수심이 깊어 질수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 수온과 단위노력당 어획량의 관계로 부터 남빙양 새우는 주로 $0.8{\sim}l.0^{\circ}C$ 범위에서 높은 밀도를 나타내었다. 남빙양 새우의 암수별 체장 조성은 큰 차이를 보여 숫컷의 비율은 작은 체장에서, 암컷의 비율은 큰 체장에서 각각 높았다. 두흉갑장과 체장관계, 체장과 체중관계가 암수별로 추정되었다. 암수별 성비조성은 숫컷이 $60.3\%$, 암컷이 $39.7\%$로서 유의한 차이를 나타내었다. Spatial distribution patterns of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba in the Atlantic Ocean sector were seasonally divided into three or four regions; South George Island, Laurie/Coronation Islands and Livingston/King George Islands. Antarctic krill were caught from the surface to about 150 m in depth. The vertical distribution of catch per hour (CPUE) did not show much differences between the 10 m layers, but there were gradually poorer CPUEs as trawl depth increased. It was estimated from relationship between water temperature and CPUE that the Antarctic krill abundance was maximal at water temperatures of $0.8{\sim}1.0^{\circ}C$. The length compositions of Antarctic krill showed that female fish were, on an average, significantly larger than males. Relationship between carapace length and body length, and body length-body weight relationship were well fitted. Sex ratio was $60.3\%$ for male and $39.7\%$ for female with significant difference at the $5\%$ level.

황해 남동해역 투명도의 계절 변화

최용규,권정노,CHOI Yong-Kyu,KWON Jung-No 한국수산과학회 1998 한국수산과학회지 Vol.31 No.3

황해 남동해역 투명도의 계절변화를 보기 위하여, 25개년 ($1966\~1990$)간의 해양조사 연보를 이용하여 우리나라 서해의 격월별, 정점별 자료를 정리하였다. 투명도의 분포는 계절에 관계없이 등수심선과 유사하게 뚜렷한 동서 대비를 보이고 있었다. 수심이 얕은 연안역에서는 3m(2월)$\~$8m (8월)로 낮고, 수심이 깊은 외양역에서는 10m (2월)$\~$17m (8월)로 높다. 겨울철 ($12\~2$월)은 투명도가 $\4m~10m$의 범위로, 여름철 ($6\~8$월)의 $6m\~17m$ 보다 낮다. 또한 부유 물질의 농도를 보면, 2월에는 $20\~120mg/\ell$이고 8월에는 $8\~20mg/\ell$의 범위였다. 성층과 투명도와의 관련성을 보면, TR(투명도)=0.61 DT(성층)+6.90, r=0.85로 양의 상관을 보이고, 정선 309에서 겨울의 보퍼트 풍력 계급은 약 3.5 내외로 여름보다도 약 1계급 이상 높은 값을 보였다. 이와 같은 사실들은 황해 남동해역에서의 투명도의 계절 변화는 겨울의 경우, 해수면 냉각과 바람에 의한 상하층 연직 혼합으로 저층 퇴적물의 재부유가 활발하여 투명도가 낮게 나타난다. 그리고 여름에는 해수면 가열에 의해서. 상하층 사이에 형성되는 수온 혹은 밀도 약층과 조석 혼합을 방해하는 태양 복사열의 증가로 인하여 저층 퇴적물의 재부유가 방해되어. 투명도가 높게 됨을 나타내고 있다. The data of Secchi disc observation collected during $1966\~1990$ were analyzed to investigate the seasonal variation of transparency in the southeastern Yellow Sea. The bimonthly distribution of mean transparency showed that the isolines of transparency were roughly parallel to the isobaths. The transparency was low (3 m in february and 8 m in August) if the shallow water less than 20 m depth in comparition to the higher values (10 m in february and 17 m in August) in the deeper water. The lowest transparency was found in winter. The transparency increased in spring and the highest transparency occurred in summer. The water becomes turbid in autumn. Suspended solid concentrations in winter are ranged from 28 to 130 $mg/{\ell}$, and from 8 to 60 $mg/{\ell}$ in summer. The seasonal variation of transparency seems to be mainly affected by resuspension of solid from the bottom. The amounts of suspended solid are large in winter due to the vertical convection by cooling effect and tubulence by the strong wind, and small in summer due to the strong stratification and weak wind.

진해만 양식어장 주변 표층 퇴적물 중 미량금속의 분포 특성 및 오염 평가

최태준,권정노,이가람,황현진,김영숙,임재현,Choi, Tae-Jun,Kwon, Jung-No,Lee, Garam,Hwang, Hyunjin,Kim, Youngsug,Lim, Jae-Hyun 해양환경안전학회 2015 해양환경안전학회지 Vol.21 No.4

2013년 8월 진해만을 대상으로 표층 퇴적물을 채취하여 미량금속(As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)의 분포를 살펴보고, 오염도를 분석하였다. 미량금속의 평균농도는 As 11.1 mg/kg, Cd 0.52 mg/kg, Co 14.1 mg/kg, Cr 69.8 mg/kg, Cu 57.2 mg/kg, Fe 3.7 %, Hg 0.064 mg/kg, Mn 600 mg/kg, Pb 40.1 mg/kg, Zn 167.2 mg/kg 의 범위로 조사되었다. 미량금속 중 As, Co, Cr, Fe의 농도는 만 전반적으로 균일한 분포를 보였다. 반면, Cd, Hg, Pb, Zn는 마산만을 포함한 진해만의 북쪽 해역, Cu는 진해만 남동쪽의 고현만, Mn은 거제도 북쪽과 마산만 남쪽을 잇는 만 동쪽방면의 외해로 열린 해역에서 국지적으로 높은 농도를 나타냈다. 각 미량금속의 공간적 분포, 퇴적물 입도 및 미량금속 간의 상관관계와 요인분석 결과 등을 종합적으로 검토해봤을 때, Co, Cr, Fe는 퇴적물의 입도, Mn은 퇴적물의 산화환원 상태, 그리고 As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn은 만 주변의 오염활동으로 인한 미량금속 공급에 따라 분포가 지배되는 것으로 파악되었다. 미량금속 중 As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb의 농도를 국내 해양 퇴적물 환경기준인 주의기준(TEL), 관리기준(PEL)과 비교 시, Cd, Hg, Pb의 농도가 만의 북쪽인 마산만 주변에서 주의기준을 초과하였다. 각 미량금속의 농축계수 및 농집지수를 계산한 결과, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn가 일부 해역에서 인위적 오염을 보였다. 이 중 As, Mn, Zn은 우려할만한 수준의 오염을 보이진 않았으나, 마산만을 포함한 만 북쪽에서는 Cd, Hg, Pb, 만 남동쪽 가장 안쪽의 고현만에서는 Cu로 인한 오염 수준이 비교적 높게 나타나 해당 원소의 농축에 대해 주의가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. Trace metals(As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) concentrations in surface sediments of Jinhae bay in August of 2013 were measured to investigate the characteristics of trace metals distribution and to evaluate the metal pollution. Assessment for metal pollution was carried out using the sediment quality guidelines(SQGs) such as threshold effects level(TEL) and probable effects level(PEL) proposed by the ministry of onceans and fisheries(MOF) in Korea and geochemical assessment techniques(enrichment factor(EF) and geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$)). The mean concentration of trace metals in the sediments are as follows: 11.1 mg/kg for As, 0.52 mg/kg for Cd, 14.1 mg/kg for Co, 69.8 mg/kg for Cr, 57.2 mg/kg for Cu, 3.7 % for Fe, 0.064 mg/kg for Hg, 600 mg/kg for Mn, 40.1 mg/kg for Pb, 167.2 mg/kg for Zn. The spatial distributions of As, Co, Cr and Fe were not distinguished clearly in whole area. However, Cd, Hg, Pb and Zn were high in northern area of bay, and Cu and Mn were high in southeastern and eastern area of bay, respectively. The distribution pattern of trace metals, correlation matrix and R-mode factor analyses results revealed that the distribution of trace metals were mainly effected by the sediment grain size(Co, Cr and Fe), redox condition of sediments(Mn) and anthropogenic factors(As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn). Comparing the concentrations of several trace metals(As, Cd, Cr, Hg and Pb) with SQGs from Korea(TEL and PEL), the concentrations of Hg, Cd and Pb in sediment of northern area of bay were higher than TEL. EF and $I_{geo}$ values of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn showed that these metals in sediments are enriched by anthropogenic activities in some areas, and pollution status for Cd, Hg and Pb in northern area and Cu in southeastern area of bay were concerned about current level, although those for As, Mn and Zn were not.