맵드 화일 입출력을 이용한 새로운 표준 입출력 라이브러리의 설계 및 구현

류구현(KuHyeon Ryou),이병욱(ByungUk Lee),김영찬(YoungChan Kim) 한국정보과학회 1992 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.19 No.1

현대의 컴퓨터 시스템에서 나타나는 여러가지 요인들에 의해서 사용자 수준에서 빠른 스트림 입출력을 할 수 있도록 새로운 액세스(access) 방법이 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 분산 환경에서의 빠른 화일 액세스를 하기 위해 맵드 화일 입출력을 사용하는데, 현재 구현되어 있는 맵드 화일 입출력과 이 맵드 화일 입출력의 특징과 장점 및 단점들을 논의하고 이 맵드 화일 입출력을 호출하는 새로운 표준 라이브러리 루우틴(fsmap())의 설계 및 구현 그리고 이 fsmap()을 첨가한 새로운 표준 입출력 라이브러리의 구성과 그 사용 방법에 대해서 기술한다.

FastImage1300에서의 효율적인 MPEG - 4 부호화기 구현

권구현(Ku-Hyun Kwon),김성훈(Seong-Hoon Kim),명진수(Jin-Su Myung),오승준(Seoung-Jun Oh),정광수(Kwangsoo Chung) 한국정보과학회 2003 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.30 No.1A

본 논문은 FastImage1300가 제공하는 병렬처리 구조를 사용하여 최적의 MPEG - 4 부호화기를 구현하기 위한 프로세서 및 데이터 관리 방법을 제시한다. MPEG - 4 부호화기가 가진 병렬성과 순차성을 FastImage1300 특성에 맞추어서 이 시스템이 제공할 수 있는 최대 속도로 동작하는 MPEG - 4 부호화기를 구현한다. 이 부호화기를 사용하여 CIF 영상을 MPEG - 4 CP@L3로 최대 25fps까지 부호화 할 수 있다.

선교를 위한 중국 문화 경험담의 기록: Tales From the Middle Kingdom (1923)연구

구현아 동북아시아문화학회 2023 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.76

Due to the imperialist Western powers in the 19th century, Westerners from various occupations entered China and left various writings. Among them, missionaries who had to preach directly to the lower class, women, and children needed to have high Chinese command and professional knowledge of Chinese culture. Accordingly, they compiled Chinese language textbooks, dictionaries, and literary translations. They basically translated Chinese classics such as Qianziwen , Sanzijing , Daxue , Xiaojing as a stepping stone to understand Chinese culture. And also published books titled “China(Chinese) Story(Stories)” and “China(Chinese) Tales.” This is a record consisting of their experiences while staying in China. The subject of this study, Tales from the Middle Kingdom , was written by Canadian missionaries George Christopher Willis and Anna Francis Willis. They stayed in China for more than 40 years and worked in ministry. The book was published in their opening The Christian book room. This book divided into “Chinese Child”, “Chinese Thief”, “Chinese City”, and “Chinese Text”, recording the author's experiences or religious views related to these topics. And there were about 30 Chinese photographs and illustrations. Taken together, the author has a variety of stories on various topics. But in the end, he tried to criticize Chinese evil practices and religious views that violate human dignity and show the reason and justification of Christian ministry by describing events related to abandonment, child trafficking, murder, and idol worship. Other missionaries' “Chinese Story” books, Cross and Crown: Stories of the Chinese Martyrs , China in Legend and Story , and Chinese stories for boys and girls , also dealt with the themes of “Women,” “Children,” “Murder,” and “idol worship” in common. This book covers topics such as Chinese children, women, male preference, gap between rich and poor, school life, leisure life, and idol worship. In this way, the stories contained in the book “Chinese Story” by missionaries add religious colors to the authors' experiences in China. They are records based on “facts” that contain vivid information about the social situation at the time that the translation of Chinese classics could not show, which intrigued readers, and their successful ministry experiences became a great “reference book” for other missionaries. And ultimately, readers were aimed at transforming themselves into Christians. As such, the book “Chinese Story” published by Western missionaries in the 19th and early 20th centuries is a record and a story for missionary work that shows various aspects of Chinese society at the time. In the future, it is hoped that through an in-depth analysis of the records of modern and contemporary missionaries, Chinese society and history will be viewed macroscopically, and the process of establishing the beginning of Chinese studies will be studied more closely.

《A Mandarin Primer》에 나타난 음운 체계와 기초 방언 연구

구현아 중국인문학회 2020 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.75

Through the writing and phonetic system of 《Primer》 compiled by Baller, Beijing dialect was the dominant dialect of Chinese at the time and was an essential dialect for learning in China. In the book, he referred to Mandarin as Beijing's official language. The merging of Jian zu and Jing zu, the rhyme of entering tone character, the tone system is basically constant with Beijing dialect. This is totally different from Nanjing dialect, which has confusion of consonant n and l, final n and ŋ. Baller was a missionary who studied Chinese in Nanjing and mainly engaged in missionary work in Anhui or Jiangsu. Nevertheless, the fact that he compiled Chinese textbooks based on Beijing dialect proves that Beijing dialect was a common and widely used language in China at the time, and was an important dialect that foreigners should learn.

清末民初北京話入聲字的演變研究

具賢娥(구현아) 한국중어중문학회 2017 한국중어중문학회 우수논문집 Vol.- No.-

한어음운사상 음성운의 탈락은 매우 중요하게 연구된 과제 중의 하나이다. 이 현상은《中原音韻》에서 출고한 이래로 기타 운서에서도 반영되어 있으나, 이 저작에서 드러난 입성자의 운모 형태는 청대 이후에도 지속적으로 변화를 거듭하였다. 본고는 이러한 변화 상황을 자세히 연구하기 위해,《李氏音鑑》,《音韻逢源》,《語言自邇集》,《A GRAMMAR OF THE CHINESE COLLOQUIAL COMMONLY CALLED THE MANDARIN DIALECT》,《支那四聲字典》에 나온 입성자 운모에 대해 분석하였으며, 異讀 현상에 대해서도 고찰해보았다. 그 결과, 청대 이후에는 宕江攝에서 yo운모가 io에서 변화되어 생성나기도 했으나, ye와 합병되어 山合三四와 합류하게 되었으며, io운모 역시 ye와 합류되었음을 알 수 있었다. 또한《中原音韻》에서 宕江通 세 섭에서만 이독이 출현했으나, 청대 이것이 모든 攝까지 확대되었으며, 梗開二의 ei, 梗開三의 ie, 梗合二의 uai, 通合一三의 ou, 通合三의 y, 山開一의 uo, 山開三의 ie, 宕江攝의 yo 운모와 같이 개별글자에서 특이한 독음이 출현하는데 이는 北京, 膠遼, 冀魯, 中原官話에서도 나타나고 있었다. 이를 통해 당시 북경화가 주변 관화의 영향을 크게 받았음을 알 수 있다.

《華東正音通釋韻考》의 운모 체계와 북경관화와의 관련성 연구

구현아 중국인문학회 2018 中國人文科學 Vol.0 No.69

《Hwa-dong-jeong-em-tong-seok-un-go》 is a rhyme book written by sung-won Park which has different phonological system from 《Sa-Seong-Tong-Hae》, 《Sam-un-seong-hwi》, 《Kyu-jang-jeon-un》. Its phonological system is quite similar with 《Deng-yun-tu-jing》, which shows Beijing sound in early 17th century. Four rhyme books of Chosun refered 《Hong-wu-zheng-yun》as a original script at preface, but their phonological system are all different from 《Hong-wu-zheng-yun》. Writers of rhyme book wrote different sound which actually pronounced in Beijing dialect. And this show unique identity of Chosun rhyme book.

청말(淸末) 민초(民初) 북경화(北京話) 입성자(入聲字)의 연변(演變) 연구

구현아 중국어문학회 2017 中國語文學誌 Vol.0 No.59

入聲字的演變是漢語音韻史上重要課題之一。《中原音韻》是能看到入聲字派入陰聲韻的最早著作,隨後我們在《合倂字學集韻》、《李氏音鑑》、《音韻逢源》、《A Grammar Of The Chinese Colloquial Commonly Called The Mandarin Dialect》、《語言自邇集》、《支那四聲字典》里能看到入聲字的韻母和異讀情況。通過本硏究我們可以發現,《飜譯老乞大》、《飜譯朴通事》反映的16世紀北京話里梗開二、咸山開一、宕開一的韻母已經變成□,曾合一的韻母變成uo。《合倂字學集韻》反映的明末北京話里撮口呼已形成,iu和iue韻母已變成y和ye。宕江攝里出現過從io變過來的yo韻母,但19世紀末已消失,19世紀末ye韻母産生,和山合三四的ye完全合流。入聲字異讀在明末時期擴散到梗曾攝、深臻攝,在淸末民初時期在咸山攝出現,不過這些異讀的大部分是?零散,?不到規律的。有些異讀字的韻母在周邊的官話方言里也出現,比如梗開二的ei、梗開三的ie、梗合二的uai、通合一三的ou、通合三的y、山開一的uo、山開三的i宕江攝的yo在北京、膠遼、冀魯、中原官話地區也出現,說明北京話在他的形成過程中受到周圍官話方言的影響。

중국어 교재를 통해 본 근현대 동아시아 지식의 흐름과 북경관화 음운 체계에 대한 인식

구현아 영남중국어문학회 2024 중국어문학 Vol.- No.95

The great wave of Westernization and subsequent colonization of East Asia in the modern era created a structure of knowledge producers who were the most academically modernized and receivers who had no choice but to accept it. As a result, knowledge about Chinese was first described by Westerners in China, and then actively adopted by Japan, which sought to modernize and colonize at the same time, before being introduced to Korea. Re-examining the flow of knowledge in East Asia during the modern era based on 'Chinese textbooks' is a new research method that has not been attempted in academia until now. Whereas previous studies have focused on the nature and details of the texts themselves, this study enables a more multifaceted and in-depth study of a text or linguistic phenomenon through an understanding of its historical context. After Thomas Wade's book, Yü yen tzu êrh chi, was recognized as a representative textbook of Pekingese, many textbooks based on Wade's system and Pekingese were compiled in China. Japan, which realized the necessity of Pekingese in diplomatic negotiations through the signing of the Treaty of Qing-Japanese Defense and Protocol in 1871, and was eager to learn Pekingese for military activities to invade the Chinese continent, compiled the Yaxiya Yanyuji, a translation of the Pekingese Language Collection, and books such as Huayu Kuibu and Sisheng Lianzhu were compiled by imitating the Pekingese syllabary. In Korea, the government foreign language schools were the first to provide Chinese education for the civilian population and came into contact with Chinese textbooks imported from Japan, such as Yaxiya Yanyuji, Zhengding Yaxiya Yanyuji, and Guanhua Zhinan, and after Korea became a colony, Chinese was strategically taught in order to mobilize the Korean people for the colonial project of China's expansion into the continent, and a vast amount of Japanese Chinese textbooks were imported. Korea also recognized the existence of Pekingese syllabary through the Yaxiya Yanyuji, and Pekingese syllabary was recorded in the Huayu Jingxuan, Suxiu Hanyu Zitong, Zhinayu Jicheng, but when compared to Yaxiya Yanyuji, the Pekingese syllabary was modified in the early 20th century to fit the Pekingese phonological system, such as the addition of the u initial in Danjiang She entering tone, and the deletion of syllables with /io/ or /yo/ final. This study examined the process by which the Beijing Mandarin Chinese syllables appearing in Chinese textbooks, especially the Yü yen tzu êrh chi, were translated from Japan and introduced into and transformed into Korea. Since the number of Chinese textbooks compiled by Westerners residing in China and those compiled in Japan and Korea during the modern and contemporary period is so vast, in order to comprehensively examine the flow of Chinese language knowledge through Chinese textbooks among Westerners residing in China, Japan, and Korea, this study is required. A comprehensive comparison of all data will be necessary. In addition, facts other than the content, such as the network of intellectuals at the time, publishing industry, and bibliographic information, should also be studied to further clarify the path and transmission pattern of knowledge. I conclude this article with the hope that this study will serve as a small starting point in clarifying the flow of knowledge in modern and contemporary East Asia through a closer look at more textbooks and related historical backgrounds in the future.

近代(근대) 漢語(한어)의 脣音字(순음자) 介音(개음)의 開合口(개합구) 대립 연구

구현아 중국어문학회 2013 中國語文學誌 Vol.43 No.-

近代漢語中的唇音字合口對立問題是在漢語音韻史上重要問題之一。 本文 用8種中國韻書、 韻圖和8種朝鮮時代韻書、 漢語敎科書考察了近代漢語中的唇 音字開合口對立問題。 本文所用的材料包括《洪武正韻》、 《元聲韻學大成》、 《詩 詞通韻》、 《韻切指歸》、 《韻法橫圖》、 《類音》、 《等韻精要》、 《古今中外音韻通例》、 《正音切韻執掌》等中國文獻和《洪武正韻譯訓》、 《四聲通解》、 《華東正音通釋韻 考》、 《三韻聲彙》、 《飜譯老乞大》、 《飜譯樸通事》、 《老乞大諺解》、 《華音?蒙諺 解》等朝鮮時代文獻。 分析結果表明, 中國韻圖、 朝鮮韻書和漢語敎科書裏的表 現都不一致。 除了《洪武正韻譯訓》、 《四聲通解》、 《三韻聲彙》以外的朝鮮文獻裏 的唇音字上都不出現u介音。 第二, 中國韻圖裏的唇音字往往排列在合口呼, 或 者開口呼和合口呼上同時出現。 總之, 近代漢語音韻史上曾經沒有任何韻具有u 介音, 唇音字不分開合口。

《正音切韻指掌(정음절운지장)》에 반영된 청말 관화음계 연구

구현아 중국어문학회 2015 中國語文學誌 Vol.0 No.51

《正音切韻指掌》是壹本淸代莎이尊編寫的正音敎科書。本書是以23個聲母和46個韻母爲構成的,在聲母方面保留微母、保持見、精組對立,在韻母方面多出了iai韻母、果攝開合口保持對立、保留韻尾,在聲調方面保留了入聲。這些特征在北京音中已經消失了,表示當時官話音和北京音泂然不同。《正音切韻指掌》的這s些特征與中原官話符合,而且這些特征還能在其他正音敎科書以及外國人的漢語敎科書中見到,可見中國以中原官話爲正音的認識壹直保留到淸末民初.